ࡱ> k m X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j 3 1bjbjOO O --,],,,,|||4h G*(~GGGGGGG$HJG|"GW.,,W.W.W.N,8|~G,,,,~GW.~W.4BEd|rG  `#'T:G8INTERACTIONS OF ACTORS, THEORY AND SOME APPLICATIONS A SERIES OF VOLUMES By Gordon Pask and Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw" . OOC/CICT/Universiteit Amsterdam Volume 1 of this series, an introductory monograph OUTLINE AND OVERVIEW Gordon Pask. Latest Edit. Nov.12.1992. Nov. 17th. 1992 latest dec 23 1992 Completed, June,1992. FiIename.Gordonsbook, in WN.2.0. This version now with table of contents, index, numbered paragraphs is edited by Nick Green This material was in unfinished manuscript form and references are incomplete. The quirkiness of Pask's draft style has been kept eg the use of "??" and upper case. Suggestions for corrections willingly accepted. The plates 1 and 2 have not been found and references to missing material have been kept. As in the manuscript subscripted notation has been avoided. This is an aid to email format discussion. There is no section 2.1 in Chapter 1 or point 2 in Chapter 5 (II) SOME FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS OF C.T XE "C.T" ., Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  AND OF I.A. THEORY. Only Figures 12,13,14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 28 and 35 are known and have been included. They key innovations seem to be represented. IA theory developments from 1993- 1996 are covered in Green "Axioms from Interactions of Actors Theory" (to be published in Kybernetes) http://www.nickgreen.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/PIA2.PDF. Recent reference to the unpublished commercial memo on the Chicago axioms established the primacy of coherence and differentiation as potentially generative of the IA axioms. Gordon listed Coherence Differentiation (Distinction) Evolution Activity (internal and external) Communication and Ability to Learn. See Footnote 11 in "On Gordon Pask" Kybernetes vol 30 vol. 5/6 2001 pp673-682 The importance of this was not realised until a literal interpretation of coherence was undertaken based on Pask's citation of Rescher ie all the set theoretic requirements of Rescher apply to the quantum coherence vector. This is work in progress. Last correction 8th April 2004 nick_green@blueyonder.co.uk  TOC \o \p " " \t "Heading 4,4,Heading 5,5,Heading 6,6,Heading 7,7,Heading 8,8,Heading 9,9" INTERACTIONS OF ACTORS, THEORY AND SOME APPLICATIONS  PAGEREF _Toc69505645 \h 1 INTRODUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc69505646 \h 4 CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES  PAGEREF _Toc69505647 \h 9 1.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE FIELD  PAGEREF _Toc69505648 \h 9 1.3. ESSENCE OF CURRENT STUDIES  PAGEREF _Toc69505649 \h 14 1.4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc69505650 \h 14 1.5. UNAVOIDABILITY OF MULTIPLE HISTORIES  PAGEREF _Toc69505651 \h 15 CHAPTER 2. I.A. HISTORY IN OUTLINE  PAGEREF _Toc69505652 \h 17 2.2. PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONVERSATIONS  PAGEREF _Toc69505653 \h 19 2.3. P-INDIVIDUALS  PAGEREF _Toc69505654 \h 21 2.4. LANGUAGE, PROTO-LANGUAGE, INTERFACES AND PROTO-LOGICS  PAGEREF _Toc69505655 \h 22 2.5. WHAT IS A PARTICIPANT?  PAGEREF _Toc69505656 \h 23 2.6. WHAT IS A CONVERSATION?  PAGEREF _Toc69505657 \h 23 2.7. WHAT IS AN M-INDIVIDUAL?  PAGEREF _Toc69505658 \h 24 2.8. A TRANSITION  PAGEREF _Toc69505659 \h 24 CHAPTER3. REVISITATION, PRIOR TO ELABORATION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505660 \h 26 3.1. DIALECTICAL AND DIALOGICAL PARADIGMS  PAGEREF _Toc69505661 \h 26 3.2. KINEMATICS AND GENERAL PUNCTUATION  PAGEREF _Toc69505662 \h 26 3.3. SOME RESULTS  PAGEREF _Toc69505663 \h 28 CHAPTER 4. A BROAD OUTLINE OF I.A. THEORY.  PAGEREF _Toc69505664 \h 31 4.1. SOME DIFFERENCES  PAGEREF _Toc69505665 \h 31 4.2. IMPLICIT ETHIC  PAGEREF _Toc69505666 \h 31 4.3. OUTLINE STATEMENT  PAGEREF _Toc69505667 \h 32 4.4. FURTHER EXPLICATION  PAGEREF _Toc69505668 \h 32 4.5. REGARDING DETAILS  PAGEREF _Toc69505669 \h 33 4.6. SUBSEQUENT ORGANIZATION  PAGEREF _Toc69505670 \h 33 CHAPTER 5 SOME SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS REQUIRED FOR TERSE EXPOSITION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505671 \h 37 (I). DEFINITIONS OF MAIN TERMS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505672 \h 37 (II). SOME FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS OF C.T., Lp AND OF I,A, THEORY.  PAGEREF _Toc69505673 \h 39 (III ). ORIGINAL AND LATER REPRESENTATIONS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505674 \h 43 (IV). ANALOGY RELATIONS ORDAINED BETWEEN CONCEPTS AND MESHES.  PAGEREF _Toc69505675 \h 47 (V). ESSENTIAL GENERALISATION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505676 \h 48 (VI). THE TEMPORALITY AND LOCAL SYNCHRONICITY OF ACTORS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505677 \h 49 CHAPTER 6. MIND, THOUGHT, ACTION AND INTERACTION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505678 \h 51 6.1. INTERNAL DEPENDENCIES  PAGEREF _Toc69505679 \h 51 6.2. ACTORS AS SPECIALISED PARTICIPANTS  PAGEREF _Toc69505680 \h 53 6.3. AMITY GENERATION  PAGEREF _Toc69505681 \h 54 6.4. QUALITY OF AN INTERACTION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505682 \h 55 6.5. ACTORS, COLLECTIIONS OF THEM, AND SOCIETIES.  PAGEREF _Toc69505683 \h 55 6.6. THE REPRESENTATION OF PROCESS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505684 \h 56 CHAPTER 7. INTERKNITTING,  PAGEREF _Toc69505685 \h 59 CHAPTER 8. AN INTERMEDIATE SUMMARY.  PAGEREF _Toc69505686 \h 62 CHAPTER 9, AN IMPORTANT NOTE ON BEER.S.et al, A VIABLE SYSTEM MODEL.  PAGEREF _Toc69505687 \h 65 CHAPTER 10. A VERY SHORT ELUCIDATION OF THE MEANING OF CONCEPTUAL RESONANCE IN ACTORS, INTERACTIONS AND IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION.  PAGEREF _Toc69505688 \h 67 CHAPTER 11. PREPOSITIONAL OPERATORS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505689 \h 70 CHAPTER l2 SOME NOTES, OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND THANKS.  PAGEREF _Toc69505690 \h 74 APPENDIX  PAGEREF _Toc69505691 \h 76 Table 1  PAGEREF _Toc69505692 \h 76 Main CT and Lp Conclusions, for the most part previously supported by empirical evidence but not usually dependent upon it rather then upon participant observation.  PAGEREF _Toc69505693 \h 76 Table 2  PAGEREF _Toc69505694 \h 77 Accomplishments of OEC/CICT/IA Theory  PAGEREF _Toc69505695 \h 77 Table 3  PAGEREF _Toc69505696 \h 78 Main C.T./I.A./differences, given that Lp is dynamic  PAGEREF _Toc69505697 \h 78 Table 4  PAGEREF _Toc69505698 \h 79 Summary of Main Principles  PAGEREF _Toc69505699 \h 79 The Figures  PAGEREF _Toc69505700 \h 79 INDEX  PAGEREF _Toc69505701 \h 89  INTRODUCTION A separation of the variant from the invariant is, very often, taken to be the first and the main step in mounting a rational study. Only when this much has been accomplished, usually in terms of a conceptual model XE "model" , is further, more discriminating and deeper enquiry or experiment justifiable; for that matter, more systematic research work of any kind worthwhile and practicably possible. Such a large step, does, on the whole, take a long while to achieve. For example, the century-long march of Newtonian-Science, revised but not entirely rescinded by Einstein, Bohr and Planck ... not to mention Schroedinger, Penrose and others ... could only begin after Newton's insight of excluding or, in one sense, coalescing the multiple variance of volitional influences. Most other disciplines have tried to obtain, have managed, at least, to emulate general invariants, for example, by the conservation XE "conservation"  of energy. Invariance assumes a dominant position if one wishes to improve one's own activity, to use the results of rational investigation, in order to do so. USE constitutes a MAJOR conditional prerequisite, if the results obtained are to remain invariant. In fact, if invariance has been established under ALL possible conditions, then there is a warrant or guarantee that usability will NOT become exceptional. For example, most people would find it difficult to live in a world where the (probably inaccurate, but never mind that), law of gravity did not apply. It is a useful approximation, of course, but we have graviton particles and fluctuating gravitational fields (down deep mine shafts and up high towers), so that the useful law must stand up to the critique of rational approximation if we are to reliably send rockets, even to the moon. Strangely enough, in many social or psychological environments, this kind of enigma is exactly that which people do experience. Perhaps because of that, their experience is neither unexpected nor does it attract much attention. People know well that whatever is demonstrably invariant can neither, in practice, be used to maintain this very invariance nor to contravene it, by injecting variation. Patterns of behaviour, for instance, are changeable, to an astonishing degree by agreements, covert or overt, and by rules, tacit or announced; these, in themselves, do not have to be, frequently are not, linked in some clearly explicated manner to the manifest patterns. Further, the range (Kelly G.) or realm of usefulness of fiats, edicts or principles turns out as being hard to specify if it is, very reasonably, required that we incorporate properly formulated tests for invariance. One consequence of this kind of experience in the social and psychological domain (uniquely, perhaps, but in the broadest possible sense, to include political, national, industrial systems, also), is that it becomes exceptionally difficult to gather "hard" data or to make "hard" observations. In order that a datum or observation be HARD, in the generally accepted sense, implies that the observation must be repeatable under numerous different conditions, of space, moment, for example, but especially, of USE. In a social context, this requirement has, at most, been marginally satisfied, in the main cases, such as those of psychotherapy, of education, of social helping and of societal planing, hardly at all. The problem of invariance under use is the core problem faced by the OOC/CICT/programme, University of Amsterdam. Here, it is regarded as the most important problem addressed by all present day work in the social and psychological sciences. Several approaches are being developed, in a wide range of research projects, empirical, interventional and theoretical. It was in this context that Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw"  asked me, nay virtually demanded, that I should help by developing an already existing theory, (Conversation Theory XE "Conversation Theory"  and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , (DanieI,J..S,1975,Entwistle,N,1978,Pask.G.1961-1992a-to-y Pask, et al,a-to-f) due to my colleagues and myself, already a locally useful theory, if applied in education, decision making XE "decision making" , design and the like) into something able to tackle the much wider issues of societal, organizational, national and international significance. The foundations of this enterprise have already been laid, they are sketched out in this first, monographic volume. They will be greatly amplified, greatly refined and variously discussed in the other, promised, volumes of this series. As the name of the first theory indicates, it stresses the conversational nature of use and of knowledge, more precisely of coming to know XE "coming to know"  both "something" and "one and another", of variance and invariance. It is thus believed capable of encompassing many of the problems considered by the projects in hand and those, many more, seen upon the horizon. Its elaboration, evolution XE "evolution" , reincarnation and development, both contemplated and in progress is titled, for fairly clear reasons, "Interactions of Actors Theory". Just as Conversation Theory XE "Conversation Theory"  is often known as C.T XE "C.T" ., a similar abbreviation is adopted for the novel theory, it is abbreviated to "I.A", XE "I.A"  as an amiable inversion of "A. I. XE "I.A." ", since both make use, copious use, of computers but, generally, in quite distinct situations and different manners. From time-to-time people express surprise at the diversity, even the disparity, of the projects in the OOC/CICT/University of Amsterdam research programme. They do so politely, of course, as befits academia, but are manifestly puzzled, as though we had rabbits in our hats, like conjurers, or maybe trick-cards up our sleeves. I confess that this reaction surprises me (Pask) and, so I imagine my co-author in this series, (de Zeeuw). So far as I am concerned, the programme is entirely coherent XE "coherent" , that is, it forms a unity with sufficient difference XE "difference" , variety XE "variety"  if you prefer it, between researchers, methods and aims to avoid the damning fate of uniformity. By that means it sustains its impetus, of making and improving social support XE "support"  systems, often with computational tools as an asset, also its evolution XE "evolution"  as a viable entity. For all that, it cannot be denied that some people, in some contexts, do not grasp the coherence which seems so blatantly obvious to the participants XE "participants" . Perhaps, one lesson to be learned is that you MUST participate and that if you do participate, then you ARE responsible. It also appears that one, possibly fundamental reason, why some people do not see the coherence of our programme, is a prevalent but fixed idea of "hard data XE "hard data" ". The fixed idea is that of "external observers XE "observers" ", simply typed, in a familiar and so- called, "objective manner", and this idea, with all of its over-simplifications and sheer absurdities, furnishes ALL the "hard data" so that it is ALWAYS "objective data" or, if imported into the context of human and social affairs, the numerical measurement of places or of response latencies or whatever, veering to ever increasing refinement. With some outstanding exceptions, such as the determination of receiver operating curves, short, incisive perceptual experiments, even much of ergonomics, for example, this attempt to harden human and social data objectively (that is, as an outside, impartial observer, taking the subject or society as "it referenced") is bound to fail, if only because it leads, even in terms of classical observation, to a reductio-ad-absurdum, of one kind or another. More importantly, the attempt fails because the hard data XE "hard data"  sought after are "subjectively hard XE "subjectively hard" " and are to be discovered within a different epistemological frame where observation necessarily entails participation, in and as part of, the observed system XE "system" . For instance, a Piagetian interviewer, interacting with a child, often aided by building bricks or LOGO and a turtle (the invention of Feurtzig and Pappert), used, for instance, by Howe and others,(versions from 1973) is one special case. A depth interview,(of the type carried out by Braaten,S,1978, with people or groups of them), is yet another one. That sort of evidence is deemed acceptable, perhaps grudgingly, in the nowadays prevailing intellectual climate, and I can see no reason to reject it, nor ever could do. But to the scientific establishment of the middle 1960's and the early 1970's it was far from palatable, at best dubbed "merely clinical" and, often enough, "apocryphal drivel", or some similar derogatory title. In those days, when we did establish in the frame of C.T XE "C.T" ., at least, the existence of hard valued psycho-social-subjective data, as hard as the data of physics XE "physics" , though of a distinctive kind, we had to employ all manner of electromechanical, later computer XE "computer"  regulated, interfaces in order to show the existence of such stuff as agreements, agreements to disagree but know why, of understandings-that incorporate having come to know, to know how to do and to know why you came to know, in that way. It would be inappropriate to burden the reader with the details of it all, at this juncture or in this volume of our joint series, especially since there are numerous more-or-less detailed and long since published accounts, amongst them the books and papers by Daniel, Entwistle, Pask(1961-1992) and Pask et al, (1965-1992), already noted. These comments appear, superficially, as strictures from a lunatic nursery school teacher; they are not so intended. Rather, they are an appeal to a reader that he or she join in the interaction XE "interaction"  needed to bring a still developing programme of ideas, experiments, praxis, test and test of usefulness to fruition., to agree or agree to disagree and know why, to our mutual enlightenment. But I take the liberty of inserting some photomontages of the plethora of equipment and the years of painstaking experiment, needed to establish the reality of psycho-social-subjective hard data XE "hard data" , (Chapter l. Plate .1. and Plate. 2.), which is one essential constituent of the enterprise. When we speak of data, we mean hard data of this kind. A further reason why confusion may exist is the varied use of the term "information XE "information" " all variants being invoked, from time-to-time. The best discussion of the well known combinatorial form of Ashby, R,(1956), of Gabor and McKay's "Logon and Metron" theory and Shannon's statistical XE "statistical"  information is still to be found in Cherry .C, (1957). However, one less common usage is that of Carl am Petri XE "Petri" , and it is primarily this which we intend, when equating the quantity of awareness or of consciousness XE "consciousness"  to a Petri type of information transfer, the exchange relation of physics XE "physics" . Another common reason why people do not see the inherent coherence of the programme is its apparent lack of integration, or orchestration. They could probably be persuaded otherwise by appeal to reason, or the factuality of improvements, or by a demonstrable ability to muster localised resources. It would, however, be far better to invite whoever may be in doubt to enter the front door, to participate in the interaction XE "interaction"  which leads to the growth of this programme of research and to partake in its evolution XE "evolution"  . By so participating, agreeing or agreeing to disagree over the resolution of causes for disquiet, their possibly justifiable critiques might, very likely. be converted into positive contributions to buttress, maybe in novel and quite unexpected ways, the resolution of what everyone takes to be distressing situations. All of these capabilities and possibilities call for a human interface, like the Piagetian interviewer, or a mechanical interface, like CASTE XE "CASTE"  or THOUGHTSTICKER XE "THOUGHTSTICKER" , (Plate. 1. and Plate .2.), it is informative to estimate its necessary magnitude. Some kind of quantitative comparison, albeit approximate, is more readily examined in terms of the mechanical alternative, in terms of what, necessarily, is needed to capture the interactions, conversational or not, between the actors XE "actors"  involved, further, to do so realistically. The job can be fudged, of course, by using virtual-realities, various hyper-media, and so on, to render the otherwise incomprehensible clear. These devices are very impressive and valuable and should be employed rather than derided. Further, their implementations require, in professional form, only about 10 megabytes of RAM and 50 megabytes of hard disc storage, together with a few background processors or an itty-biity connectionist machine to act as a competent interface. But, taken alone, they ARE fudges, that only, however valuable. For the main interfaces between people and societies, are systems using, in one technique, virtual machines XE "machines"  as surrogates for elaborate numbers, vectors, matrices and so on, often non-linear, for computation XE "computation"  and used as the basic substratum. In this idiom, other machines, acting upon them, that are productive XE "productive"  and, incidentally reproductive XE "reproductive" , machines, and, being virtual machines in their own right, serve well as the computational elements. This is only one method of achieving the concurrency required of a genuinely evolving interface system XE "system" . But it is a useful exemplar, since it is necessary, still using the multimodal- hype rmedia interfaces, to multiply the 10 megabyte and 50 megabyte figures suggested, by about 100 and, as a result of doing so, intelligently, their efficacy is increased by about 2500, or more. It is possible to justify these rough-and-ready numerical comparisons, far from the best and amongst the more conservative, but it would detract from the main line or argument, to do so, at this point. That is particularly so, because a cartload of technical systems, interfaces or not, mingled with a few interesting ideas and results, are scarcely enough to convince those skeptics, who do not see the coherence of our programme, the OOC/CICT/Univsiteit Amsterdam, of the fact that it IS, coherent XE "coherent" . This, perhaps, is why Gerard de Sew XE "Gerard de Zeeuw"  asked me to start XE "start"  and to mount a convincing argument, distinct from his own, (for example, Zeeuw, G. de1985 or Zeeuw, G. de 1990), with which I am in accord, in this FIRST volume of our series and to assist in the preparation of other VOLUMES in that series, presaged by de Zeeuw, G. and Pask G., complied by Glanville R.,(1992). Finally, the development of a rather specialised theory, namely, I.A. Theory, has given rise to a number of useful by-products XE "products" . Some of these have a wider-scope, beyond the expected compass of I.A. XE "I.A."  and some features, having applications that are virtually universal XE "universal" . The enterprise was not contrived for this purpose, but the outcomes, detailed in Chapter l. do not altogether surprise either de Zeeuw or myself. In essence, the outcomes concerned are (a). That as the development of I.A. XE "I.A."  theory went on and still goes on, the more its FORM approaches the FORM of a well kiltered scientific theory, (having, for example, principles of conservation XE "conservation" , of symmetry, of complementarity XE "complementarity" , of duality XE "duality" , parity XE "parity" , exclusion XE "exclusion" , indeterminacy XE "indeterminacy" , essential singularities XE "singularities"  ), and alternative interpretations, (such as the fact that quark XE "quark" -gluon  XE "gluon " -plasmas XE "plasmas"  are isomophic or nearly so to the notions associated with strings XE "strings"  and superstrings XE "superstrings"  ). Of course, the content is different, (which is not to say that the contents will never converge), since we deal with hard subjective data XE "hard subjective data"  and physics XE "physics" , for instance, operates within a distinct epistemic frame, affirming its conclusions by hard objective data albeit emerging, as the content of Bunge's (Bunge. M. ,1967), "Scientific Knowledge" from the multilemmas and problems of the "Common Knowledge", which primarily concerns us. (b). This point is aptly phrased by Stephen Hawkins in his most recent book, (Hawkins,1992), when he distinguishes between a universal XE "universal"  theory, on the one hand, and its enlivenment by understanding XE "understanding" , on the other. The commonality asserted makes sense, since I.A. XE "I.A."  is chiefly a theory of understanding, especially your understanding of me, mine of you, both of us, our shared understanding of those universes in which we live and have our being. But it is only so by virtue of a participation, which promotes evolution XE "evolution" . Our thesis is so general, but also so rigorous, that it might be expected to have a pervasive influence upon many, so called-disciplines, or areas of study. PLATE.1. PLATE.2., IN HERE CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES This monograph stands, in its own right, as a book. But it is more profitably regarded as the prologue to a series of books, by Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw"  and myself, as Volume 1 of that series. All of these volumes are concerned with concepts XE "concepts"  of organizations, systems of belief, cultures XE "cultures"  and civilisations; concisely, about andragology XE "andragology" , if you accept the Dutch meaning XE "meaning"  of the word; that of enquiry and intervention research into society, support XE "support"  systems in or between cultures, of their concrete manifestations, be they architectural or intended for transportation of people, goods or data or relying upon computational artefacts, needed to maintain the precious jewels of civilised life. I have subtitled this book a monograph, since I accept responsibility XE "responsibility" , alone, for its idiosyncrasies and dogmas. But, insofar as these dogmas prove to be effective, even salient, then it may, more properly, be titled, volume 1; of a series written by Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw" , by myself, colleagues and friends. In that respect, this volume 1, my preferred entitulation, is a terse, in places historical and in other places arid and formal prerequisite for scrutiny of the other volumes in a series, which is an evolved but, thankfully, still evolving endeavour, and long may it remain that way. In large measure, though not exclusively, it is focused upon the work of those at, or passing through, the OOC/CICT/ University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, also those at, or having passed through the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, U.K. 1.1 SPECIFICATION OF THE FIELD The idiosyncrasy brought to bear upon this first volume (my responsibility XE "responsibility" , but, it seems, a point of view compatible with the views of many colleagues), is this. Andragology XE "Andragology" , in common with REAL architecture XE "architecture" , that of HABITATION in a society, the civilisation of a culture XE "cultures" , is comparable to if not identical with the Cybernetics XE "Cybernetics"  of inter-personal and intra-personal interaction XE "interaction" , of society and its organization, usually entailing media, computation XE "computation" , mechanistic devices and the like. It is biased towards, primarily focused upon, such matters as pedagogy, education, lifelong learning, creativity, self regulation and evolutionary XE "evolution"  self-organization XE "self-organisation"  of human and societal systems, politics, commerce and industry, albeit catalysed or promoted by often-mechanical inventions. Yet, insofar as the theoretical constructs needed and the conclusions reached in this sensibly wide domain, of andragology XE "andragology" , architecture and Cybernetics are utterly general, these domains are interleaved with many others. Quite frequently, these others are not human-in-themselves, even if they are forged, in some biological or physical Smithy, by Smiths with human ingenuity. If they are general, as asserted and believed to be, then so they should be and the underlying principles, not so often the data, should have the form and symmetry of a science XE "science" . Consequently, one centroid id of this enterprise (there are many centroids, such as the alleviation of sufferinq, the catalysis of emerging support XE "support"  systems, the solution of problems and the resolution of problematic situations, the creation and sustenance of langua ages, be they verbal. visual, behavioural or whatever which form essential ingredients of such endeavours) is, as follows. To demonstrate unequivocally that those fields often alluded to as SOFT sciences XE "soft sciences" , or SLOPPY sciences, are neither soft nor sloppy. A convincing argument for this aspect of the enterprise (as above, not the only aspect), calls for a radical reinterpretation of many attempts to render studies or interventions respectable, by placing the sheep's clothing of statistics, in one form or another, over a body of so-called-factual data which is, on the whole, neither data nor factual. This, obviously, recalls the "subjectively hard XE "subjectively hard" " and, (in this context, "objectively hard XE "objectively hard" " data, noted in the Introduction). Frequently, one is not the other, whatever the ticks and crosses distribution. May we, once again, emphasise that OUR "hard data XE "hard data" " is seldom "objectively hard" data. As an apologia, objectively hard data is legitimate, if obtainable, but is still based upon the bounding perimeters determined by "subjectively hard", if only as a method of supporting the validity of hypotheses and tests, formulated notions of "agreement XE "agreement" " and "agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" ", all subjective and hard, so far as reasonable implicating the interested populace, the body politic, but logically prior to the posing and testing of objective hypotheses. As a point of common sense, the hardness of data, be it molecular and nmr spectra, be it understandings in a conversation XE "conversation" , is dependent upon its us usefulness and use It is useful just insofar a it can be knit together into a jersey or a framework, be it tangible and it referenced and objective or a conceptual framework, like a theory or a body of knowledge, signifying nothing of necessity except coming to know XE "coming to know" . But that, of course, signifies a lot. Here, for example, I allude to statistical XE "statistical"  methods applied to the ticks and crosses of questionnaire type interviewers and pollsters. Whereas the opinions of the test administrators about those questioned may have great significance, the ticks and crosses they are instructed to record are, for the most part, aleatory. Now, in REAL statistics,we are required to justify the validity of the data underlying the counts we submit to the elegant mathematical XE "mathematical"  techniques of statistics, checking such matters as the independence of evidence, the ultimately reducible-to-dyadic form of relations XE "relations"  and so on. THESE crucial steps are, not infrequently, omitted. The fact is that standard statistics takes these judgement for granted, it can apply, in the abstract, to anything having the well specified properties it demands of data. In reality, we are the beings responsible for the exercise of this methodology, and the propriety of the data involved. For example, if monkeys are playing with a typewriter and someone counts the number of keys they press and calls that number the data, so let it be. Well, if those kinds of observations really are data, then it is possible to garner interesting results, mostly that there is no correlation between the data obtained over a myriad trials with a legion of monkeys. Or, if there is some correlation, or an interesting analysis of variance, then it shows something about who manufactured the typewriter and how battered it became, as a result of being thrown upon the floor, in natural irritation, by the creatures. It rarely reveals anything, by way of a conclusion, about the intellect of monkeys, which the experimenter is primarily concerned with Seldom are such misperceptions deliberately fraudulent, they are understandably careless, but nevertheless damaging, consequences of an unthought-out-attempt to make a study of monkeys, or people, look scientific and respectable by applying methods which would be elegant and applicable to appropriate facts, counts, and so on of evidence if it DID have the kinds of factuality required by the scientific method or by the statistical XE "statistical"  method XE "statistics" . In this context it is important to stress that there are several uses of the term " probability", each involving some notion of "likelihood". One of them, the one open to criticism as often misused, refers to the "chance" of something-or-other, for example of a dice falling on one or other face. The other, immediately significant, usage, employed in quantum mechanics or, for that matter, in our discussion of resonant forms of analogy XE "analogy"  in Chapter5., is a "disposition" of some event to take place. The latter is, frequently, immune to the criticisms which have just been leveled against the former. Next, it is important to examine the urge to respectabilise most experimental studies or socio-technical-interventions as BEING scientific. Perhaps it is a matter of aesthetics, for scientific and mathematical XE "mathematical"  arguments are undoubtedly beautiful and reveal symmetries of great power and subtlety. Also, of course, there is a less laudable rationalisation; that you are prone to be funded by the establishment if you are regarded as scientific; provided, of course, that science XE "science"  is misconstrued as some sort of technology, the hodmanlike XE "hodman"  variety XE "variety" , which almost guarantees a product within one, or a couple of years, at most. Personally, I subscribe to a somewhat different view, namely, that there is not an iota of fundamental difference XE "difference"  between -art., philosophv XE "philosophv"  and science XE "science"  provided they are all conducted with an appropriate degree of delicacy and integrity. As such, these studies are unlikely to produce scores, at any rate numerical and properly statisticised scores, within a readily predictable interval and there is the risk that an honest investigator will opine that numerically quantified results are not the appropriate findings to search for, at any rate, not the most informative. After all, qualitative findings of equal or greater rigour do, very often, have greater value, unless the sponsor of the research is after Brownie Points, obtained by presenting tables of figures which may be cast into the garbage bin, or else discretely shredded. Clearly, the attitude I have just outlined and countered by a parody, would have been generally regarded as curious a few decades past. The opposite view, still calls for defence, even though, in this year and age, it is becoming increasingly pervasive. Of course, the day to day activities of an artist, fiddling with brushes or musical instruments or dance steps; of philosophers, debating language or the character of the cosmos, reality, mind and all that; of scientists preoccupied with particle accelerators, test tubes, chemicals, Wimshurst machines XE "machines"  and so on DO differ, but, also, ARE very similar. To me, maybe it is a matter of personal experience, combined with preference for the eclectic. The similarities are more salient than the evident differences XE "differences" . It is not, perhaps, so surprising that the similarities are prone to stand out more obviously in the domain of intra-personal and inter-personal systems, of social systems and cultures, of organizations and systems of belief, of mind, thought, action XE "action" , the interaction XE "interaction"  of actors XE "actors" , in general, and in conversational interaction between various participants XE "participants" . The points which, most likely, require stressing are, apart from some perfectly clear differences in technique, like paint and musical scales and drama method, compared to chemicals, test tubes, cellular culture XE "cultures"  dishes and so on, are as follows (a).All of them can be formalised, further, formalisation is fruitful. Under certain conditions. In this respect choreology, 7 tone scales and the like, can be invoked, as may Lie groups XE "Lie groups" , or Algebraic Topologies, or Category theories, with roughly equal rigour and their invocation justified, insofar as this degree of rigour is of value. (b).Rigour XE "Rigour"  tends to have great value when discursive expression would be unduly ambiguous XE "ambiguous" , turgid or tedious to handle in recording, so that a symbolic formalism is practicably essential. (c). Formalism, let it be stressed, is not restricted to quantitative solutions, qualitative solutions being of equal propriety and often greater profit. It is entirely legitimate to use methodologies, formalisations as a support XE "support"  for many types of rigour. Numerical, quantitative, rigour has its appropriate place in this spectrum, but is often of local usefulness. (d).Art, philosophy, science XE "science"  and the rest are bound to coexist, if any of them have genuine meaning XE "meaning" . Upon even casual scrutiny, it would be impossible to understand one without comprehension of the others. To cite but one familiar exemplar from mathematics XE "mathematics"  and science, how else could most people understand the indefinite iteration of non-linear equations, in the complex plane, unless assisted by artistry such as that of Peitgen et al (Pietgen et al, 1991).? They could, of course, parrot out strings XE "strings"  of meaningless symbols and perform specific operations, prescribed by a rule book, upon them. That kind of rote repetition is sheer twaddle, not mathematics. (e).Very likely, art, philosophy and science XE "science"  DO have the character of programmes of research, in the sense of Imre Lakatos,(Lakatos.l.,1968), or constitute what we shall call P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , with Organizational Closure XE "Organisational Closure"  and, if viable, the Informational Openness XE "Informational Openness" , originated by the self-organization XE "self-organisation"  of Heinz Von Foerster XE "Heinz Von Foerster"  (Von Foerster.H.,1959.a.) However, in the often vaunted disciplines, called by the high sounding names of history, or biology, as used in a curriculum, syllabus or department title and that are imposed as arbitrary distinctions XE "distinctions" , in order to fund the presiding hierarchy, high or low; rather than to encourage the intended activity in question these disciplines are the merest piffle. Page 12 Missing Case when psycho-social-educational systems are concerned. The greater part of their data, being of a strong SUBJECTIVE rather than of a strong OBJECTIVE kind, are surely not amenable to these elegant techniques. They are not, even on mathematical XE "mathematical"  grounds, to do with irreducible adicity, (Atkin,1973,1975), let alone that the facts of value are obtained by dint of PARTICIPATION XE "participation" , impartial, maybe, rather than some EXTERNAL type of observation, disconnected and controlled, which, by definition, minimally influences the observed system XE "system" . There is nothing misbegotten about one kind of data or the other, but it is positively stupid to maintain their identity, deliberately or not. It is misleading to dress them up like dummies, so that they seem to be the same. That is the genesis of fake science XE "science" , just as an ink splodge in a Rorschach Test might be misconstrued as a piece of modern art. It is particularly irresponsible and irritating when some investigators indulge in a habit which some others fall for, of using the paraphernalia of science proper, statistical XE "statistical"  methods culled from gaming saloons as one instance, independence of observations as another instance (there are many more of them), in order to respectabilise, as scientific, whatever it is, merely because it is cheap and simple to do. For example, the elicitation of George Kelly-like-personal constructs, in psychology of one-or-other kind, as is done by Sheila Augenstein and Laurie Thomas (in Thomas and Augenstein 1992), is entirely defensible (even if I admit to some very minor quibbles over their methodology). On the other hand, it may or may not be valid to employ the factor analyses of Osgood's scaling (Osgood..C.E,et a1,1976), or, in a different context, Eysenck's factor analytic and often multidimensional but Cartesian scaling, Eysenck.F,1968,), which demands obedience to various caveats and is liable to be misleading, unless cases are critically examined. In some cases, no doubt, these elaborate statistical XE "statistical"  techniques and the assumptions underlying them, make good sense, in others less good sense. In either case, an outright acceptance of whatever results are obtained, lacking an appreciation of the methods and the assumptions involved, is a bad, sad, parody of reason, especially if it is taken to justify certain findings as scientific and, thus, respectable. This kind of thinking is also culpable, insofar as it leads others to conclude that there is a sacrosanct method called the scientific method, just one such method. Indubitably, there is a scientific method and it is very elegant, employed with the proper type of evidence. But the elegant is defaced, becomes nauseating and ugly, if misused in order to ape, with gestures, grunts and grimaces the respectable character of otherwise untenable findings or displays. Upon the next point, that of predictability, it is often claimed that every bit of research should lead to predictable results. Clearly, there is some sense in this contention, but limited sense. Suppose, for example, that you are in charge of a production XE "production"  line with operatives doing repetitious jobs, be they manual or clerical (like the check out juniors, at a Supermarket). In that case, it is very likely that various psychometric tests will predict, quite reliably, the willingness of people to act like automata, even to predict their intelligence (not their intellect), that is, how bright an automaton you are likely to obtain. Roughly speaking, these comments apply to those folk who are employed in linear and hierarchically ordered jobs, of the kind that are susceptible to Elliott Jaques's time span analysis (Jaques.E, 1970), where a great deal of meaning XE "meaning"  can be attached to the preferred time of unsupervised, no feedback, activity. In a linear-hierarchical setting. Here, it is sensible to say that a measure such as the one proposed by Jaques, usually indicates the maximum extent to which potential employees are anxious to accept personal responsibility XE "responsibility" , indirectly, in such a context, the remuneration they deserve and usually expect. But, thank heaven, such occupational settings are relatively scarce and are, thankfully, less often encountered. More and-more organizations are becoming, at least, heterarchically structured XE "heterarchically structured" . Humans are being used, as Norbert Wiener XE "Wiener"  put it, for human purposes, (Weiner.N, 1965,), rather than as inefficient robots. Now, in a situation of the latter kind, what does it mean to predict? Further, if you are a manager of the latter sort of situation, do you want to predict? Consider one extreme case, there are plenty of other less dramatic exemplars. Suppose that you have a firm, an organization of any sort, and that this firm or organization needs to improve or diversify its products XE "products" . For one reason or another, because you run the firm or are assigned decision making XE "decision making"  responsibility XE "responsibility" , you are required to employ someone with inventive talent. It might be sensible to look for someone capable of invention, they have demonstrated their capability by inventing, preferably having the perseverance needed to bring their invention to fruition through a nexus of production XE "production"  engineers and an inherently conservative bureaucracy, a process XE "process"  requiring tact and also a degree of determination. But to this extent ONLY, do you seek predictability since, by definition of the job, you do not wish to predict their innovations. If you could, you or one of your colleagues, would have done so, by measure of their own intuitions. Now the inventor you elect to engage, is not predictable. If he were, you would not really want to employ this person, for there are many whom you do not wish to employ, who will, in their lifespan, have but one invention to their credit, the one you reasonably use as a guideline in selection. Much the same applies, also, to the criterion of repeatability. Do you wish that, under the same or similar circumstances, someone who will give the same response to a superficially similar question, or the same kind of solution to a superficially similar problem?? If you are seeking an elaborate kind of robot, then, maybe, you do. But if you are after a sentient being, flushed out with intellect, then you do NOT. Supposing you are this hypothetical manager, what DO you want. Equisignificantly, supposing that you are a researcher, one in the enormously wide field of concern, addressed by this book and the series of books to come, just what DO you want? I submit, and this IS a slightly Maverick point of view, that you want, nay require, an utterly devoted enthusiast, having a different since all embracing perspective upon art, philosophy, science XE "science"  and the rest. Further, pardon the dogmatism, you NEED it. In this preliminary book, I shall attempt to delineate such a person or, more likely, group. That material is, largely, embedded in the formal part of this monograph. It is, of necessity, introduced by some historical account, showing when, how, and why such a perspective was envisioned. It is gratifying that the development of this one perspective gave rise to a formalism which, as it evolved, more-andmore assumed the form, not so much the content as the beautiful symmetries of a scientific theory. Finally, since this monograph is a book which introduces a series of books, it is reasonable, if not mandatory, to provide a tentative overview, tentative since it treats of an evolution XE "evolution" . 1.3. ESSENCE OF CURRENT STUDIES The essential theme of our current studies, needs, if only as a matter of convenience, to have a name. It has been called Interaction of Actors theory, or merely I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, as a humorous but friendly juxtaposition with Artificial Intelligence XE "Artificial Intelligence" , or A.I. theory, which it is not, even though they both make prolific but quite different use of computers in their practice. Their practice, of course, that and their methodology, also have a part to play in the theatre of this exposition. Before embarking upon the promised, historical account, of what we may now condense to I.A. XE "I.A." , it is prudent to spend a few words upon the nature of history itself. That is so, if only because the nature of history, perhaps an outlandish view of it, is one and an important ingredient of the theory and praxis to be scrutinised. Yes, a quite essential one in the outer reaches of the territory we cover of sheer, even if embarrassing, necessity. 1.4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN GENERAL To speak of history, any history, as though there was but one somehow canonical history, diligently researched and meticulously carbon dated, for example, is misleading. Such an utterance may be imaged by one of the idols, in the temple of conventional wisdom. But, usually, also, these utterances are segments of respectabilised blether. The following assertion, that any entity, culture XE "cultures"  or civilisation, for instance, carries innumerable, in some ways differing, histories, is a deviant, possibly arrogant, assertion, but it is made, at this point, with all consideration and seriousness. 1.5. UNAVOIDABILITY OF MULTIPLE HISTORIES XE "MULTIPLE HISTORIES"  This multitude of histories exists, for several reasons. In the present context, it is appropriate to dwell upon a pair of them, only. First of all, there is a deeply entrenched idea, buttressed by the majority of text books, that history is JUST chronological, a matter of recording and recalling which King, Queen or President reigned or ruled when and where. Now, if we subscribe to this view (which is by no means useless), we are bound, in all honesty, to consider the uniformity or not of temporal XE "temporal"  succession. Is time the same commodity in South America, in China, in India, Africa, Greece, in Italy, in the rest of Europe, in Bali and Surinam (further, has it always been so). No one, physicists and geneticists apart, seems to question the possibility that time is not uniform throughout these domains or during these very different periods. Well, I do, not because I disagree with or even contest, its validity and manifest convenience, but simply because I can see little other than-limited experiential evidence in favour of this elegant but possibly over-rated, even if undeniably-useful, hypothesis. In contrast, we can imagine history as a systematic enactment of how people, Kings and Potentates included, conceptualise, feel, think and act; of how societies do the same; if you like, the study of a reenactment, an enactment of aeons-to-be; of futures. Or if temporal XE "temporal"  succession is occasionally tied into knots explicating how these activities recur, then you may be immersed in a wonderment over how there is history at all. Just consider, for a moment, the days of Druids, of Roman Britain, of Nordic York or Norman York, the age of the Stuarts and their Masques, of the London Mob, or, after the Peelers came along, of stage coaches and the railways, the resurgence of the early Victorian from the sombre shades of the next half generation into the gay but evanescent Edwardian. These juxtaposed points of view upon history are complementary, not contradictory. They have and should have the quality of life, surely supported by chronological tables, as right as a table can be. I am stressing these matters and differences XE "differences" , if only because they become outstandingly significant in delineating a history of I.A. XE "I.A." , theory and practice and method. Here, I know, from personal although necessarily limited experience, that there are many different histories. I shall essay to indicate a few, some of greater value to some people, some of greater value to other people. None of them are canonical, but all of them are valid and, in their own way, by comparison and contrast, very illuminating. More dramatically, since it explicitly invokes evolution XE "evolution" , compare and contrast the hoary, doubtless veridical chronology most often passed around. There were animals, some became people, some people formed nomadic hunting groups, others, of less peripatetic inclination, settled down as agricultural groups; both formed cultures with languages, however of different kinds. The former were satisfied by sign signification, the latter formed cultures having a fixed territory in which they built houses and cities; these, being inhabited as well as protective, gave rise to civilisation with symbolic value attached to the territory and the artifacts they erected. But, conversely, how could animals have been people unless they had a mind containing a germinating seed of people, culture XE "cultures"  and civilisation, the logical priority?? As a curtain call, if there be one, after the first scene it is seemly to present the arguments of Collingwood.R.G,(1990) and Collingwood.R.G,(1990), Oxford University Press. CHAPTER 2. I.A. XE "I.A."  HISTORY IN OUTLINE One history, a perfectly valid one, is that I.A. XE "I.A."  came into being as an innovative extension of conversation XE "conversation"  theory (henceforward, C.T XE "C.T" .) and its proto-language or proto-logic (henceforward, Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" ). This development was, in large measure, due to the invaluable help and provocation provided by Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw" , in respect to social support XE "support"  systems, with a bias (emerging more clearly in a later book), to the field of engineering management (instigated by Larry Richards), for academic precision, see, for example, Richards.L, (1992). In the role of a rational being, it is my task to say what C.T XE "C.T" . and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  are. Given the added role of historian, to say how C.T., Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , also I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, emerged. The latter role is a difficult part to play, even to write for reasons which the reader may well have culled from the lengthy preamble upon history, exposed in the last chapter. It is so, even though I am possibly the first and main protagonist of conversation XE "conversation"  theory and have as much personal experience as anyone of its origins. So far as chronology is concerned, it is easy enough to cite manifestos and research programme outlines, dating from the very late 1960s and the early 1970s, with the names Conversation Theory XE "Conversation Theory"  and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  (or its slightly misnomered predecessor, entailment mesh XE "mesh" ), printed in bald capital letters. But it is surprising to this author, at any rate, to discover, afresh, one's own papers or one's own articles (for example, in Dialectica, pp. 167.-pp. 202, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Neuchatel, 1963, "The use of analogy XE "analogy"  and parable in Cybernetics XE "Cybernetics" , with emphasis upon learning and creativity", or, in Wiener XE "Wiener"  and Schade, Eds, Progress in BioCybernetics, Elsevier, 1966, pp. 158.-p250, " The Cybernetics of Social and of Ethical systems". There are many more, pre-dating and post-dating these papers, which entail the IDEA, of, although rarely the NAME of conversation XE "conversation" . It should be evident that history is not a neat and linear chronology, even to its participants XE "participants" . Similarly, let me state that none of these notions, initially of making bizarre chemical and biological machines XE "machines" , able to compute, in order to philosophically demonstrate the sheer, asinine, fatuity of supposing there to be any input or output apart from those determined, as a matter of convenience, by some external observer, to an assembly of fabric called a computer XE "computer"  or controller. Such assemblages arose, together with clouds of nitrogen peroxide, from other-than-laboratory studies, excepting those in our basement, kitchen, or a lock-up-garage. Similarly, the most telling demonstrations of interaction XE "interaction" , albeit human interaction through machinery, hybrid but less bizarre, arose from the worlds of cabaret, of music hall, of theatre and the like, where, under the stress imposed by the pressing necessity of putting on a show, if only to earn a living, my colleagues and I came to realise that it IS possible to couple people together with multiple mode oscillators, responsive to and regulating music, performers, lights and motions, provided that the people are participants XE "participants" , as they were at Churchills Club and the Streatham Locarno. There is NO reward or punishment, neither explicitly nor observably.(for an historical summary see Pask.G., in Reichardt.J., Ed,1971). At that juncture, knowing it all worked in the deep end of the swimming bath, we ventured into the paddling pool of the experimental laboratory, first in the context of interactive and adaptive human machine systems for training, vigilance control, work loading and the like, later into systems for human groups and adaptive machinery through which the groups could interact. In those days we could not afford computers, and they were tetchy things anyhow. The machinery we did employ was, even so, much more sophisticated even if slower and less reliable, for certain, than most of the piffling, pardon the term, highly vaunted technological wonders of today. Only very recently has it been possible to observe the emergence of something more imaginative and better, it is encouraging to see it being developed and downright outrageous to hear costeffectively-minded loons suggest that it might be a good idea to simplify and disseminate some picayune systems in order to show the populace the ideas of computer XE "computer"  assisted indoctrination. No, absolutely adorable Kelly girls, hired as consultants, by an office near to Victoria Station, circa 1990, it would NOT, even if you DID have the remotest idea about what you were talking so glibly. It would dissuade them, again, of the teaching machine fallacies of the late 1950s, possibly increasing the recession rate, or whatever economists call it. From all this, it is legitimate to infer that history is a matter of living. Further, it must be apparent that life is neither sequential nor lacking in emotive reaction, hence barren. However, there are certain points at which organizations form. Many of them being institutes and laboratories. They naturally apply constraints to those participating in them, System Research, of Richmond, Surrey, the B.C.L., of Illinois, Brunel University and so on. Now, I speak of those contexts but confess that none of them were so well ordered as they may, superficially, appear to be. Regarding C.T XE "C.T" ., it became evident that people, groups of them and small societies, do not work by the in-those-days presumed method of emitting and receiving stimuli, emitting and being receptive to responses, or manipulating reinforcements or determining the regularity of operants, one way of patching up complete lack of motive. Whilst, within special and useful limits, folk might interact with an adaptive machine and be trained by it, outside these limits, any inbuilt distinction XE "distinction"  between trainer and learner became hopelessly blurred. The people or groups of people taught the machine, just as much as it taught them, they co-learned and the neat and tidy black-box boundaries simply evaporated as the result of an activity which can only be called play, in Huizinga's sense, of children's play, in a street (Huzinga.J, 1949). To phrase it differently, they became, in part, as one. That is, these people or groups of people, simply conversed with each other. There is a big difference XE "difference" , which has to be respected. If speaking as a strict behaviourist, then I should be bound to believe that the more accurately I control the conditions of a black box: called the subject and another black box called the, possibly mechanical, environment the more, precisely may I make sensible observations of the stimuli/responses or inputs/outputs, the more readily, given luck and perspicuity, is it possible to infer the mechanisms, otherwise hidden, by fiat, inside the opaque boundaries of the black boxes of subject and of environment. Or, taken to a different level of liberalisation, the more accurately I may construct some normal-form-model XE "model" , say a computer XE "computer"  program, beloved of artificial intelligence, which simulates what the black boxes do. If, however, I am neither a strict behaviourist nor a strict cognitive scientist, then it is permissible to propose that both of them, behavioural and cognitive-without-conation, have grasped wrongly chosen branches of a tree's twig and could, more fruitfully have acknowledged that elaborations of their data will lead them nowhere, excepting into confusion, of increasing intensity. The stem of that twig leads to the living tree, from which it was snatched and dried out as a static, impoverished, specimen in a fossilised arboretum. For all their pretensions, that is what these specimens are and I doubt if anyone wanted to collect such things, apart from the undoubted fact that because they are kinematic XE "kinematic"  frames, rather than the kinesis XE "kinesis"  of life, there lingers a seductive idea that because they are readily slotted into a twig and smaller twig taxonomy, they are easy to classify and deal with, heaven forbid it, to claim to somehow explain. What is an alternative, that is, to the stimulus/response or input/output type of observation, elaborated by all manner of sophisticated model XE "model"  types? I submit that it is a transaction, an interaction XE "interaction" , usually multidirectional, which we choose to call a CONVERSATION XE "CONVERSATION"  between PARTICIPANTS. Emphatically, it is NOT generally, though it MAY be, conducted in written or verbal terms. Equally, the relevant languages, employed by the participants XE "participants"  may be visual, musical, poetic, balletic, behavioural, the sign language of airports or the sign language of railway trains, boats, spacecraft or inter galactic debate and intercourse. It IS, however, a natural language insofar as, crudely or with immense refinement, it can accommodate questions, commands, entreaties, replies, obediences or not, desires, metaphors and allegories designating analogies XE "analogies"  of greater or lesser elaboration. In brief, all such natural languages are founded upon the primitive or proto-language Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , or the primitive or protologic, bearing the same title, of Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , whereby its expressions may be manipulated. What is a participant XE "participant" , further, what is a conversation XE "conversation" , between participants XE "participants" . It seems to be, but ultimately is not perverse, to insist upon the utmost generality. 2.2. PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR CONVERSATIONS I can participate, so can you, by way of a conversation XE "conversation"  about something, be it riding, driving, walking, rhetoric, a tree, an idea, a belief, a conversation, a shrub, a chair, a dog or cosmology XE "cosmology" , biology and the rest. In doing so we generally ostend, point at, a thing or the name of a thing, event, scheme or whatever, of which we are, in very different ways, aware. In the course of our conversation, we share our own concepts XE "concepts" , your concept XE "concept"  of a tree, say, and my concept of a tree, for that matter of anything, any event, or so on. For brevity, let us call it T, if you like the target of a conversation, like the targets with a dot surrounded by circles, used by archers, and dartspeople, for practice. An odd and fascinating feature of this conversational activity is that in the conversational process XE "process"  of concept sharing, you and I may learn quite a lot or quite a little about T, in the sense of a philosopher's definition of T, but supposing that our conversation goes on, I learn a great deal about YOUR concept of T and you learn a great deal about MY concept of T. Neither one nor the other of us may have the remotest idea, least of all the philosopher's definitional idea, of a T. In that respect one or both of us may entertain massive misperceptions, for example, you thinking that T is a static unicorn and I thinking that T is a coat and hat stand, the text books insisting that it has leaves and roots and bends in the wind. On the other hand, you, as one participant XE "participant"  (say, A) do learn a great deal about me, the other participant (say, B). That seems to be the main point of a conversation, that one participant, say, A, learns about B, how A differs from and is similar to B, the ostended T acting, primarily, as a pivot. However, this tacit identification of conversational participants XE "participants"  as people, like you and I or A and B, is not entirely satisfactory. It ceases to be veridical even in the laboratory or institute, where it becomes clear that groups and coalitions converse with other groups and coalitions, just as much as people converse with people. In general, we should like participants, such as A and B, to be identified not only with people but societies and cultures XE "cultures"  and nations, with analogous, similar but different, systems of belief lodging in the same brain, with the inhabitants of Mars or some other planet, in some other galaxy, with any other not necessarily biological entities, like pinched plasmas XE "plasmas" , alive but differently fabricated. Further, it is most desirable to have an indefinitely large potential colloquy of A's and B's, say Z XE "Z"  = A, B XE "A, B" , ..... and so on. How to attain this measure of generality remained an unformulated problem, a problem to be formulated over several years. It first appeared in an almost obsessive preoccupation, at the age of about 16 years, as I recall it. So much for the history of straight chronology, carbon dating and so on. My friends and I, my family must have been bored out of their minds with it, knew there was a resolution. One obstacle which stood in the path of attaining the goal of an adequate resolution until 35 years ago, roughly, was the fact that there are innumerable ways of characterising individuals, participants XE "participants"  like A and B. If they are people, it is, for instance, possible to refer to their photographs, their anatomical or physiological boundaries, their psyches, fingerprints and, in context, their personalities. But even within one classification, I can recognise a person by their immune system XE "system" , even part of it, their genetic profile, their scent. Regrettably or not, none of these are canonical in the required sense, though all of them are perfectly legitimate. That is to say, and this turned out to be the essential clue, they are legitimate to an impartial, external, observer. They are not, however, dependent upon the distinctions XE "distinctions"  cloven by an observer. Whilst observer recognised, these beings are self generated, created by the life of some participant XE "participant"  organism him or her self. It matters little whether he or she is a person, or a society, or organization. What is canonical is an invariant, described by Kurt Lewin as genidentity, (Lewin.K, 1922), the fact that you are observed AS YOU and believe you ARE YOU, still, even if you have slept, been anaesthetised, suffered concussion, coma, or been in deep hypnosis. What is the YOU which does have this property, a property which is self creative and which observers XE "observers"  must respect in the relatively arbitrary demarcations they opt to make?? I called it, our group calls it, P- Individuation. meaning XE "meaning"  psycho-social-individuation, sufficiently general to characterise all of the entities so far noted and others to add. It is usefully contrasted with M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation" , or mechanical, including biological as a peculiarly elegant special case of incarnation. 2.3. P-INDIVIDUALS A P-INDIVIDUAL is a PRODUCTIVE XE "PRODUCTIVE"  and, incidentally, a REPRODUCTIVE XE "REPRODUCTIVE"  system XE "system" . It is organizationally-closed XE "organisationally-closed" , informationally-open XE "informationally-open" , and in this case, at least, self organising XE "self organising" . Characteristically, it is specified as follows. There exist productive XE "productive"  operators which MAY be applied to entities belonging to a domain, or substrate, and which, if so applied, yield products XE "products" . AMONGST these products (perhaps after several series of transformations), this iterated activity gives rise to products that are the productive operators, themselves. Although MAY does not imply MUST, there is a principle, governing the system, say a conservation XE "conservation"  principle, such that at some stage, ALL productive operators must be applied and, further, that at ANY stage SOME productive operator MUST be applied to the substrate. It is worthy of notice that these simple specifications yield. reproduction, as a necessity, and that the mandate of AMONGST guarantees the appearance of other products, some or all of which may be shared, as a form of Petri XE "Petri" -type-information XE "information"  transfer with systems of a comparable kind. (Petri.C.A, 1963, see also commentary by HoIt.A. in Bateson.C, Ed,1978). Since I formulated this idea, of P-Individuation, in the domain of psychological, educational or social affairs, it seemed sensible to use the term P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  for the entities in question. From an ordinary standpoint, my formulation was independent. But, within a few years of each other, Humberto Maturana came up, primarily in the domain of biology, with the term autopoiesis XE "autopoiesis" ,(Maturana.H.R, 1975,), which combined with structural openness, for example, in molecular exchange, is equi-significant with informational openness; similarly in domains of immunology and even biological cognition, Francisco Varela,(see Varela.F.,1975), came up with organizational-closure XE "organisational-closure"  and co-ontogeny. The fact is that they all describe the same fundamental phenomenon of life, albeit with minor variations. I doubt if any of us are so precocious or arrogant as to bid for priorities, and I am pretty certain that all of us doubt an absolute independence. The fact is that all of us worked with Heinz Von Foerster XE "Heinz Von Foerster" , at the B.C.L, University of Illinois,(Von Foerster.H.,1981,b,). Further, prescient work on self organization XE "self organisation" , his invaluable guidance and support XE "support"  are really at the root of any and all of these notions. Since, however, I formulated the idea of P-Individual in the psycho-social domain of education, complex decision making XE "decision making" , creativity, design and the like, the substrate upon which the productive XE "productive"  operations act is conceptual. Similarly, these productive operations are, also, conceptual operations. This formulation is open to the obvious criticism of talking about P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals"  as disembodied-minds (floating around, presumably, in some kind of ghostly limbo). It is not too difficult to counter this potential criticism, by saying that it so much nonsense, or, if needs be, showing it (for instance, by the argument that such minds would have no order to accommodate the most liberal of productive operations). However, there is probably no need to adopt such a stringent, nay pedantic, expedient. The fact is, any P-Individual is embodied in or incarnated in some one or more M-Individual XE "M-Individual" . The idea of a purely disembodied mind is almost as absurd as that of a dis-enminded body XE "dis-enminded body" , the prerogative of a few extravagant reductionists XE "reductionists"  adhering to the belief that if someone decomposed a brain, for example, into its components (neurones are popular candidates) and traced their connections (which would have changed over-and-over again since starting the investigation and the assiduous investigator had expired of utter exhaustion), the hypothetical investigator, would not have gained an inkling of the quirks or curiosity of the mind, maybe embodied in a specimen, until overcome by fatigue or fatality. The important point about P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , taken in an other-than-fatuous sense is that they ARE, surely, embodied or incarnated but that they may be embodied or incarnated in ANY appropriate fabric. For example, the very diversity of possible fabrications makes us recognise that artificial INTELLECT is far more apposite than artificial INTELLIGENCE and why in the world, IF such creatures DO exist, should they be dubbed ARTIFICIAL, any more so than people or Dolphins or horses, or dogs or other biological constructions. Here, I promulgate a point of view which may be deviant, but is not INTENDED to be a heresy, and on deep examination, believe is NOT one. Some may regard it as revolutionary, I prefer to regard it as evolutionary XE "evolution" , perhaps one of those hiccup-like bifurcations XE "bifurcations"  which from time-to-time beset an iterated-evolutionary XE "evolution"  process XE "process" . These occurrences typify any other-than-dogmatic evolutionary XE "evolution"  process, the dogma of pure Darwin and natural selection or that of the captain of the Beagle, subscribing with a different dogma to the same data.(Darwin, Dent, Everyman edition, 1972,). Professor Brainstawm XE "Professor Brainstawm" , an inventor with whom most of us were familiar when more youthful, is credited with the invention of an abolisher. As I recall the matter it was intended to abolish the dust from his workshop, which irritated his otherwise very tolerant housekeeper. Set in motion, the contrivance abolished the professor who was only reconstructed by the rapid and ingenious action XE "action" , taken by his housekeeper, in order to disabolish him and what little remained of the machine. I would like to abolish, reversibly or not but for preference without the Brainstawm contraption, both dis-en-minded bodies and disembodied minds. One is complementary to the other, if one exists, then so does the other, mind and body go hand in hand or glove in glove. This assertion appears in differing guises, notably as an exclusion XE "exclusion"  principle, to the effect that there are no Doppelgangers XE "Doppelgangers" . But, as we shall see later, the consequences of this and similar denials are dramatic and penetrate the most remote depths of existence. 2.4. LANGUAGE, PROTO-LANGUAGE, INTERFACES AND PROTO-LOGICS It is opportune to dwell for a slightly longer interval upon PIndividuals, surrounded, as they have been, by a host of caveats. That is because P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals"  are conversational participants XE "participants" , conversing in languages of various forms and modalities. If we are to capture at least some of their discourse, we need an interface between the conversational participants, for use under a rubric such as making a dynamic inscription of some of the concepts XE "concepts"  they share. An interface, formal or not, computer XE "computer"  implemented or not, is needed in order to exteriorise some, at least, of the joint mentation XE "mentation"  going on. It is at this point, also, that the protolanguage, Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , on which I claim all natural type languages to be founded, may be realised as a protologic the manipulations of which do, in a primitive, poverty stricken manner, reflect mind, thought and, in I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, the genesis of action XE "action"  as well. After some other considerations have been dealt with, I shall say much more about Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , in particular. For example, it will be hypothesised that Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  is a kind of linguistic field, that operations generating thoughts and penetrating conceptual boundaries within participants XE "participants" , excite the concepts XE "concepts"  bounded as oscillators, which, in ridding themselves of this surplus excitation, produce radiation in this field. It may encourage some readers to continue with this book, but it would be premature and it would seem zany to embark upon these fascinating matters until it has been possible to cover rather more ground. Regarding conversation XE "conversation" , why should participants XE "participants"  converse. There are doubtless several reasons, a very minor one being the often cited encounter by accident, of A bumping into B in the street. Apart from this happenstance, usually rare, there is the provision of an interface that catalyses, encourages and facilitates their interaction XE "interaction" . The point is most cogently made in pictures such as Fig. 1.(a), where the rectangulated enclosures represent the bounds of an M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  and the splodge like enclosures the bounds of P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , such as A and B. The interface, labelled as I in Fig. 1.(a), must surely be attractive, since the participants A and B, being housed in one brain, say, as partly autonomous but coupled mental organizations, could engage each other through transactions, internal to this organ. But, in fact, they often do exteriorise the concepts XE "concepts"  they share in external conversation through I, not by experimental coercion but provision of a properly and sympathetically designed interface. It is true that hypermedia, Dataspace and Cyberspace, XE "Cyberspace,"  aid the design and its efficacity, but it seems as though one ingredient, essential to the moderately consistent exteriorisation of shared concepts, is the fact that any interface incorporates a dynamic form of Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . These comments apply to Fig. 1.(b), to Fig. 1.(c), and so on, but here their significance is obscured by the fact that the P-Individuals, engaged in conversation, occupy distinct M-Individuals XE "M-Individuals" . In practice, it does not matter, greatly. There are, for sure, many other reasons why participants XE "participants"  converse, for example because there is some kind of conflict, requiring conflict resolution and because of a fundamental affinity, an interaction XE "interaction"  of P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  and M-Individual XE "M-Individual" , which amounts to a willingness to speak to and hear from, to interact mutually, existing between A and B. This propensity 1 called amity XE "amity"  but Humberto Maturana has the courage to call it love XE "love" , its rightful name. To these matters we return, as the substance of I.A. XE "I.A."  theory emerges. 2.5. WHAT IS A PARTICIPANT? A participant XE "participant"  is a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , as stated previously. But, in greater detail, what is it? It is a, knit together collection of coherent XE "coherent"  but distinct concepts XE "concepts" , themselves distinct within their coherent and distinct clusters, which may, within limits to be specified, overlap. All of these entities have the properties of the participant, they are organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed" , informationally open and distinct for, if they were not, if they formed a uniform smudge, why should they converse at all, how could they do so? 2.6. WHAT IS A CONVERSATION XE "CONVERSATION" ? Supposing that we do not inhabit such an obnoxiously amorphous countryside, it is not only possible to observe, and gather affirmatory observations to the effect that conversations DO take place, between participants XE "participants"  of any type, but, also, to show that conversations MUST take place, amongst other, comparable interactions. Fig. 2.' shows, in slightly greater detail, the interaction XE "interaction"  of participants A and B, through an interface labelled I. This, of course, is a special case and the most readily depicted. The languages, L, used by A and B, are derivable from Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , but are, otherwise, unrestricted with respect to form or modality. In fact, more fundamentally, a conversation XE "conversation"  is a larger closure of participants, a larger closure of P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" . In greater detail, the truth value, equivalent to the existence value, of a conversation is an analogy XE "analogy" , having at least one similarity and at least one difference XE "difference"  and designated by a metaphor XE "metaphor"  or allegory XE "allegory" . It is peculiar insofar as, in the case of a conversation between A and B, the difference is between A and B, the participants, and the similarity is composed from the concepts XE "concepts"  that A and B share. 2.7. WHAT IS AN M-INDIVIDUAL? Strictly, any dynamic fabric able to accommodate a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" . It would be stupid, however, to be so undiscriminating. There is not the slightest doubt that the body, brain, humoral and related systems constitute an M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  of immense delicacy and refinement. As later, it is able, so are societies of people able, to frame, as in a picture frame, the otherwise unframed variety XE "variety"  of a haphazard environment. How far this depends upon our familiarity with our own species, how much upon our pride in being people, I am not entirely sure., on this score. No one denies that stars shine more brightly than people, emitting brighter light. The following proposition is less commonly accepted, but is far from outlandish, taking a star as a potential M Individual. It might be that stars are also brighter and more subtle in a mental sense, but not knowing them so well, it is hard to say. Regarding people, on the other hand, one indisputable fact, poignant for observers XE "observers" , is this. They may choose, aware of the consequences of their choice. It is certainly legitimate for a scientist, having knowingly excluded consciousness XE "consciousness"  from that which is, consciously, observed, to adopt an impartial, external, irresponsible stance, knowing and admitting full well that his or her reports are confined to a limited domain viewed through the spectacles of a deliberately limited methodology. It is a very different matter if someone concerned with the larger arenas, of society, organizations and so on are irresponsible enough, a pejorative in this context, to ape the manners of impartiality. Yes, scientists they may be, but scientists who claim, with no sound cause, to encompass consciousness in any enquiry of sensible consequence. Those who adopt that safe and faceless stance, are grotesque, pretentious and cowardly knaves, worthy of derogation. Those who have the courage to participate with others in a culture XE "cultures" , society, enterprise or organization under scrutiny, deserve respect. For in doing so, maybe as scientists, they bear the flag of J.B.S. Haldane XE "J.B.S. Haldane" , in the field of physiology, (Haldane,J.B.S, Biog, 1992). as actors XE "actors"  in a proper company of players. These actors have, willy nilly, taken on full and unconditional responsibility XE "responsibility" , accepting the risks involved, for their actions and interactions. 2.8. A TRANSITION At this juncture, it is opportune to make a transition from C.T XE "C.T" . and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  to I.A. XE "I.A."  and a somewhat enhanced form of Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . It sounds very trivial, but, in fact, it is rather complicated and its reverberations build up as they echo through the caverns of our intellect. The simple sounding statement is that an actor XE "actor"  in I.A. theory XE "I.A. theory"  is a participant XE "participant" , certainly, a variety XE "variety"  of P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , the M-Individuated embodiment of whom is able to act. Similarly, actors XE "actors"  can interact, often in conversational interaction XE "interaction"  and the varied languages invoked are, as before, modality free and derivable from an underlying Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . But, fortunately, there is more to it than there seems to be. Fig.1, and Fig.2., IN HERE. CHAPTER3. REVISITATION, PRIOR TO ELABORATION. What actually happens in a conversation XE "conversation" , through an interface, between participants XE "participants" , who are realised as P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , A and B, embodied or incarnated in one or more M-Individuals XE "M-Individuals" , say, in brains. Insofar as there IS a conversation. If the previously stated dogmas are accepted, then there MUST be from time-to-time, and the participants use languages, L, derivable from Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , in order to reach agreements. It has already been noted that the term agreement XE "agreement" , includes agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" , over something pivotal, like T. This may be,conversation XE "conversation"  about the "it" rather than "personally" referenced participants XE "participants" , like A and B, themselves, or any other participants implicated in the discourse. 3.1. DIALECTICAL AND DIALOGICAL PARADIGMS This dialogue usually takes the form of a dialectical, or dialogical debate in which the merits of various hypotheses are weighed up. Ideally, one collection of hypotheses is a thesis, proposed, by one of the participants XE "participants"  as a protagonist, whereas another collection, of OPPOSITE form, NOT usually a mere NEGATION, is espoused by other participants. The A, B XE "A, B" , dialogue may be heated, possibly acrimonious. But, more fruitfully it is not, permitting ample deliberation, in place of flagrant polemic. Given that, outright rejection of thesis or antithesis is replaced by the creation of a synthesis, in fact, to the creation of an analogy XE "analogy"  which is entirely novel. Of course, there are other modes of dialogue, polarised from the mundane to inspirational rhetoric. But there is a good sense in which dialectic or dialogical discourse is paradigmatic of conversation XE "conversation" , especially as its form varies from the idealism of Plato and to the more pragmatic, where theses, antitheses and syntheses, alike, but especially potential syntheses, must be demonstrated, as demanded by Aristotle, St Thomas Aquinas, Abelard, Lullius and Marx, though somewhat neglected in favour of idealism by Hegel, or a curious vacillation he adopts in this matter not to mention the up-and-coming schools of modern French philosophy, a popular appellation, these days. If, for example, in the conduct of discourse over possible urban structures, you arrive at the synthesis" a city of paradise", then it must be demonstrably buildable, perhaps contingent upon the invention of entirely novel tower cranes and bulldozers, and open to habitation as at least one form of paradise. It would be useful to explain how the equipment neccessary for construction is manufactured, to explain why the inhabitants of this conurbation regard it as a paradise, rather than another Brasilia. But, strictly, it is only necessary to demonstrate the form and possibility of construction and habitation of this "city of paradise" in one of very many realities or universes of discourse. 3.2. KINEMATICS AND GENERAL PUNCTUATION If exchanges of a conversational type are paradigmatised as dialectical or dialogical dialogue, then they are punctuated, in the broadest sense of this word, by agreements and agreements to disagree. If it is felt that punctuation XE "punctuation"  is too strong a term, then replace each occurrence of the word by segmented, at certain junctures. In THIS respect, at least, conversations prove relatively easy to deal with in a formal manner but are not fully representative of all interactions between actors XE "actors"  (the participants XE "participants" ). Such unlimited interactions do not generally have a start XE "start"  and finish XE "finish" , a well specified beginning or ending. It is not intended to overstress these equi-significant points of punctuation XE "punctuation"  (or segmentation), of starting and finishing. In the first place, the restrictions are not so rigid as they sound, for example, a continuous conversation XE "conversation"  may be interrupted by phone calls that are irrelevant to the points under debate, however much momentary irritation they are likely to cause the participants XE "participants" . Similarly, no real loss of continuity is engendered if A and B are, for some reason or other, geographically displaced and unable to communicate, there are many exemplars of participants XE "participants"  who, upon re-encounter, resume their conversation XE "conversation"  at, or near, the point at which they left off, since the main threads of discourse hung end to end, usually twined or braided, are identifiable, A and B do have conversations. Consequently, conversation XE "conversation"  and that portion of its theory to be developed in detail, is, even within the constraints just outlined, a valuable way of imaging many social situations, far beyond the limits of the computer XE "computer"  implemented laboratory interface or those in which a participant XE "participant"  observer, such as a Piagetian Interviewer (Piaget.J, Eng Trans, 1952,) plays the interface role. The segmental continuity prevails and the punctuation XE "punctuation"  is that of agreement XE "agreement" , or agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" , in short of meaning XE "meaning" . The idea of a continuous conversation XE "conversation"  is parodied in Fig. 3, and the supposed results of a successful transaction, in which at least one concept XE "concept" , here, a concept of T is shared, as a result of an A, B XE "A, B" , conversation, by the participants XE "participants" , A and B, in Fig. 4. At this juncture, a deliberately simplified and inadequate notation XE "notation"  is employed, in order to express some salient points as lucidly as possible. But the current notation IS and is KNOWN to be, an altogether inadequate representation of the underlying reality. In Fig. 3, we suppose that participants A and B have concepts XE "concepts"  TA and TB, their personal concepts of T which, whatever else, are distinct as A and B are distinct. An A,B, conversation goes on through an interface I at or in which a shared concept, designated T, without suffix, is dynamically inscribed. This conversation, which is, here, depicted as having a start XE "start" , say s, and a finish XE "finish" , say, f. But even in this simple interaction XE "interaction" , it is evident that some concept T is shared, that TA at the start will not be the same as TA, at the finish, the same applying to TB. In the figure, this fact is symbolised using the notation of TA(s), TA(f), which are NOT the same, of TB(s), TB(f), which are NOT the same, neither that nor is TA(s) the same as TB (s) or TA(f) the same as TB(f), if only by virtue of the fact that there is a shared concept, the concept of T. The greatly stripped down depiction of Fig. 4, is an attempt to show the bare skeleton of the most primitive mechanism. At the start of a conversation between A and B, the participants, A's starting concept of T, that is TA(s) is derived from A's starting concepts of Q, P and U, a mutually productive XE "productive"  and reproductive XE "reproductive"  concept cluster. Similarly, B's starting concept of T, namely, TB(s) is derived from a different cluster of starting concepts, from R and S, say. As the conversation finishes, A will have derived novel means of deriving T, influenced by but not identical to B's preferred meaning XE "meaning"  and, vice versa, B will most likely have done the same, only with respect to A's meanings, the productive and reproductive clusters in which A's concept of T and B's concept of T reside. The important feature, apart from showing one skeletal mechanism of concept XE "concept"  sharing, is that all the concepts XE "concepts"  productively and reproductively related are changed as a result of any conversation XE "conversation"  that does take place between participants XE "participants"  A and B, the entire process XE "process"  is dynamic and such interactions will, later on, be represented in a much more satisfactory form. Further, if we imagine (there is no good reason for doing so), that A and B are synchronous XE "synchronous" , it is possible to present figures such as Fig. 5. As a matter of fact, there is every reason to suppose the contrary (that A's temporal XE "temporal"  succession and B's temporal succession are very different, at most locally synchronised) and we shall soon drop this tacit assumption of preordained synchronicity XE "synchronicity" . It may be added that some emphasis upon the or dynamic of continually changing concepts XE "concepts"  is intended, in part, to remedy a defect in many or most of my previous publications. There I have frequently adopted the laudably intentioned path of assuming an impossible kinematic XE "kinematic"  image, under the false impression that it would make matters more lucid. Quite the contrary obtained, the apparent stasis associated with transformational pictures, dynamic flow, however inadequate, left out, served to confuse people. The simple kinematic XE "kinematic"  image, is an inadequate picture of mentation XE "mentation" . 3.3. SOME RESULTS It is, however, a useful temporary expedient to suppose that the t's of A and of B are held together by the t-like-succession of some external observer, insofar as it allows us to furnish results of the kind in Table 1, which are useful approximations. All findings, of C.T XE "C.T" . and I.A. XE "I.A."  theory are PREDICTIVE those in Table. 1, amongst them. As a cautionary reiteration, however, this claim does not usually mean numerically predictive, but predictive of some well specified configuration, a QUALITATIVE prediction XE "prediction"  but a rigorous one. They are NOT mere descriptions, of what has been previously observed. Further, they hold under far less rigid conditions, those of I.A. XE "I.A."  theory even, than the restricted conditions under which they are readily obtained. One major criticism of such prediction XE "prediction"  s, once the investigator has argued persuasively enough that they ARE predictions, is that they seem to predict the self evident, the OBVIOUS. Very likely the same comment applies to any science XE "science"  of consequence, or at any rate to consequential and interesting findings within any frame of reference having symmetries and connections which render it worth serious consideration. Whereas it is easy enough, if you enjoy trifling experiments, to reject, or tentatively accept small, slightly deviant, hypotheses, it takes hard thought, to come up with truly novel predictions. The former pursuit can often be conducted upon a technical basis, using tried and tested methods. It seldom calls for the invention of novel equipment, even novel techniques and, of course, it is essential work to do. It has the advantage of safety, since whatever the outcome of an experiment, it is unlikely to rock the boat, for it is addressed, mostly, to some matter of local significance. The latter pursuit calls for a lot of innovation XE "innovation" , intellectual and by way of methodology. It is risky, the investigator is liable to make a crashing bloomer, rather than a small mistake. It characterises, in varying degrees and in various ways all those groups in which I have participated. Above all, the emerging predictions are prone to meet with a "so what" reception. We reply, "yes, but is it OBVIOUS, to all??"It may be, from one point of view. For example, it is experientially obvious that I become unaware of a well learned skill XE "skill" , like walking, unless I stub my toe in the process XE "process" . It is a very different matter to rationally predict, on the basis of a theory, that awareness is prone to evaporate under some conditions and reappear under others. I may even become conscious of the event, share my awareness with others, passing strangers or the houseman on duty in an outpatient department. All this is experientially obvious, of course, experientially, but just WHY XE "WHY"  it is obvious remains far from clear, especially if people who resort to the "well, it is obvious" tautological, claptrap, are asked to essay some explanation of WHY or HOW. XE "HOW."  The established position in such matters is dogged, like the exponents of "nothing-but-tery", criticised by that brilliant thinker, Donald McKay, who I greatly respect but whom, when living, so I am told, regarded me as a minor devil incarnate. Hopefully he has revised that view, if he ever really entertained it. Similar comments apply to the other results, noted in Table. 1. They are all taken as obvious, at any rate most of them are. To our credit we DO essay some resolution of the problems proposed, to our discredit, these problems all deal with fairly circumscribed positions, important in education, design and complex decision making XE "decision making" , but rather narrow. Whilst these resolutions may be so very obvious to scientists who often prefer to opt out of mind and consciousness XE "consciousness" , to regard psychology as the maze running of white rats, I suspect that their reason for doing so is a little cowardly. Such questions as those of consciousness have answers, if any, bearing real political, social and organizational implications. Scientists MAY adopt the safe and steady stance, but, if they do so, then they can neither ascertain why or how, for example, we remain ourselves, after anaesthesia XE "anaesthesia"  or concussion or sleep, even though it is a manifest and self argued, scientific fact that no cell in our body is the same (but a reconstruction), that no molecule in our body, built as the reductionists XE "reductionists"  would have it, from a colligation of molecules or something, is the same (but, instead, a replacement). These comments apply, more vigorously, to the field of I.A. XE "I.A."  theory and its application. For, as stated already, this field encompasses societal, cultural, urban, national and international problems which are seldom well specified, but which remain intractable, chiefly because they suffer, immensely, from the obvious of platitudes and ideologies, so beloved as easy to comprehend, but not really obvious in the very least degree. Some, out of many, are tersely exemplified in Table. 2, but, here, I also refer to the appendix note on Stafford Beer XE "Stafford Beer"  and his viable system XE "system"  models. Why, for example, is it obvious that nations gnash their teeth at each other, that as an E.C. citizen, the social imperative is to take up arms against or even kill a person who is my friend but is called German or Russian as the political fashion has it, this season. You know and I know the insanity of war, above all, the professional military people know its insanity. But, as in restraining mad dogs and dangerous lunatics we are, all of us, aware of the atrocities going on and seek, by force XE "force"  if needs be, to eliminate the horrors of torture, persecution, pre-emption, terrorism, sadism, born of some powerful and power hungry caucus within one or any nation. Of one thing, at least, we are sure, that if conflict occurs amongst the obviously formed power blocks, be they national or multi-national-corporate, which go along with civilisation, it is not resolved by methods like more-and-more arms, flag waving and rhetoric, in short, of the same thing. This is a critical point, a point at which an appropriately different, innovative, method must be employed. At any rate, if that inventive act cannot be done in the slightly more cribbed, cabined and confined forum of a support XE "support"  system XE "system" , then it is obvious that civilisation will collapse to yield a life, if any, not worth living. In fact, it seems to me, there would be the void XE "void" . Maybe, it is obvious that conflict must occur in organizations of any magnitude, that it is required in order to inject difference XE "difference" , an ingredient just as important as coherence, since it has been stressed that unity is not uniformity. But its essential resolution at any level, critical at the level of larger and coherent XE "coherent"  systems, depends upon an ability to explain, even partially, the manners and mechanisms which currently prevail. Fig.3.,Fig.4.Fig5., Table.l., Table.2., in here. CHAPTER 4. A BROAD OUTLINE OF I.A. XE "I.A."  THEORY. It has already been stated that an ACTOR XE "ACTOR"  is a PARTICIPANT, thus a PIndividual but embodied in an M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  capable of ACTION XE "ACTION"  and a very general form of many languaged conversation XE "conversation" , known as INTERACTION XE "INTERACTION" . It is, however, necessary to enlarge the field encompassed by I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, beyond the bounds which are conveniently handled by C.T XE "C.T" . and an unmodified form of Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . At a theoretical level, novel postulates must also be introduced and justified if only to represent a broader methodology and to adumbrate phenomena which have not, hitherto, been brought into the limelight. 4.1. SOME DIFFERENCES It seems perverse, at first sight, to set out certain differences XE "differences"  between C.T XE "C.T" . and I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, if only because their justification rests upon theoretical statements which have, so far, only been promised. However, if the reader will accept that this promise is fulfilled, mainly in Chapters 5, 6, then it renders the text more readable to do so. This bald statement rests, chiefly, upon the views expressed by a number of colleagues who have been kind enough to scan earlier versions of the manuscript and to discuss this matter. Their consensus is in favour of introducing the differences between C.T. and I.A., and a dynamic Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , informally, at this point and to present the theoretical axioms, inferences, and so on at a later stage, notably in Chapters 5, 6, some short appendices or summary figures and later volumes, a choice which seems to be determined by the form of the theories. A few months worth of intermittent thought, is called for. These are to be months spent in learning NOT to take-for-granted deep ideas which we DID take-for-granted, and this is a view which tallies with experience in other presentations of parts of these theories, which seem to be obscurely mathematical XE "mathematical"  to those unfamiliar with mathematical or formal philosophy and both arcane and outlandish to the mathematically ept, until, that is, they have either discussed them, personally, or thought about them. Hence, Table 3 is offered, at this point, as a cursory outline of C.T. and I.A. differences and some readers may wish to elucidate its content by reference to the later material. 4.2. IMPLICIT ETHIC Research in the OOC programme is clearly intended to be of use, at once or in the future. This, perhaps, is pre-supposed by one original meaning XE "meaning"  of Andragology XE "Andragology" , as the science XE "science"  of societal helping-systems, for example, with human organizations or human interactions through computing systems. It may, as in several ongoing or near completed projects, be addressed to systems immediately in operation, with the objective of improving performance, both of the people involved and the entire system XE "system" . However, apart from this important caveat, there are certain criteria, greatly expanded in later volumes of this series, but, for the moment, hinging upon at least the following. Namely, upon (a) and (b), as they are stated below. (a). The research is participatory, this applying, a fortiori, to researchers in the OOC programme, itself and (b). The notion of Andragology XE "Andragology"  as a science XE "science" , in contrast to a vaguely do-goodie-like activity, is emphasised. By SCIENCE, I do not necessarily, not usually, mean a pursuit such as chemistry or etymology. There is nothing wrong in doing so, if parts of our studies verge upon the classically scientific. Neither that, nor is there anything wrong with doing-good, quite the reverse, in fact, especially if that is appropriate to a particular project. Rather, I mean that our research is open to theoretical, if you like, to formal development, upon which it is possible to mount further research and, at least, make clear the meanings and intentions of what is in progress and what has been discovered by dint of current research. Very often, this calls for uncommon or novel theoretical tools and these may have value in themselves. Often, also, the scientific goal is an aim that is not, as yet, achieved in practice, still remaining in sight. But, interestingly enough it seems that the FORM of our theories approach, as in Chapter 5, the form of scientific theories. 4.3. OUTLINE STATEMENT Rather than burdening the reader with a great deal of verbiage, to spell out the research criteria precisely, an attempt is made to summarise them. This summary is the intended content of Table 4. and may be elaborated, considerably, for the most part in later volumes of this series. Although much of the tabulation is clear, it is worth bringing special attention to the need, in order to render a proper formalisation, to muster several unusual logical and mathematical XE "mathematical"  devices. These include, for example, a calculus XE "calculus"  of distinctions XE "distinctions" , (Spencer Brown.G, 1966), of dynamic coherence, (Rescher.N,1966.a,1980,b), of strict hermenutics, the progressive refinement of meaning XE "meaning" , as in ( Taylor.C,1964.a,1973.b.) and, independently, myself,as refd), of logics such as those of Gothard Gunther,( as in Gunther.G., 1960) of paradox, as in Hellerstein,(1981) of action XE "action" , as in Von Wright,G.H.(1963) of self and other reference, Maturana, Varela, and myself,(as refd) the mathematics XE "mathematics"  of Knot Theory, due, mainly, to Louis Kauffman,(as in Kauffman.L,1987.a.,1 987.b.) to the Algebra of Conscience, due to Lefebrve,( as in Lefebrve.V,(1982), to McCulloch's redundancy of potential command (McCuIloch,W.S.,1959), and, above all, to Heinz Von Foerster XE "Heinz Von Foerster" 's self organization XE "self organisation" (Von Foerster.H,1960.a.,1991,b.), which, in common with many of the others, keys into the Glanville theory of objects( see Glanville.R, 1991, for a condensation of his much earleir thesis).The diverse and captioned contents set out in Fig.33., somewhat elaborate upon this tabulation. 4.4. FURTHER EXPLICATION It would be usual to expand upon these less common calculi, logics and theories at this juncture. Whereas all of them are simple, once appreciated, they are often based upon unfamiliar foundations. For instance, even the arithmetic of distinctions XE "distinctions"  has a clearly stated but readily overlooked injunction. This is "draw a distinction XE "distinction" ", simple enough, by drawing a bounded figure in the sand, say. But if, in haste, one fails to recall that this injunction, "draw a distinction", prefixes every occurrence of a distinction, that the drawing surface might be spherical rather than planar, if so, then you are liable to fall into the fatal trap of supposing that the calculus XE "calculus"  is a fancified form of Sheffer Stroke algebra, which it is not, even though the works of Sheffer, Boole, de Morgan and many other great mathematicians may be veridically modelled in terms of the calculi of distinctions. 4.5. REGARDING DETAILS For this and comparable reasons 1 was persuaded to relegate expanded discussion of unfamiliar calculi, logics or theories for the most part to other volumes, giving only some bare essentials in Chapter 5. and Chapter 6. In fact, those colleagues who were kind enough to read earlier versions of the manuscript, positively insisted upon that arrangement of material. They pointed out, unanimously, that any attempt to do the usual would merely confuse the reader. There are only some terse, Appendix like Notes, in this volume. They will, hopefully, prove useful in themselves, also whilst reading Chapter 5. and Chapter 6., both of which are unashamedly, since unavoidably, slightly obscure. 4.6. SUBSEQUENT ORGANIZATION Henceforward, this book consists in Chapter .5. in which it is impracticable to avoid a modicum of symbolisim, in fact it is positively stuffed with symbolism. It delineates the bases of C.T XE "C.T" ., rather briefly, but in its latest form, similarly, Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . It also contains those axioms, propositions and postulates needed to deal with I.A. XE "I.A."  theory and a few additional indications. Before moving on to Chapter 5 and its overt formalism, which is to me, at any rate, indigestible material, it seems prudent to enlarge upon the complete but terse summaries, presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Consequently, let us decorate these tables with certain ancillary comments. After all, our often-puritanical-Victorian ancestors, felt obliged, out of decency, zealotry and the like, to clad the parlour chair's wooden legs with little skirts of fine silk-cloth, matched to that of the antimacassars, in order to hide these indecent members from overly-sensitive visitors. This, also, is decoration. Readers with formally biased intellectual prowess are likely to find the bald tables, hard to stomach. But it was virtually impossible for me to articulate the bare claims at all adequately, before constructing a mental bridge between the tabulated statements and their formalism until their relations XE "relations"  had received attention and a measure of careful rumination. In this case, it is not prudery that counts but. rather, the sense and intelligibility of the entire manuscript. In particular, I allude to the next Chapters 5, 6, at most summarised in the tables, which I, at any rate, find to be dense reading. The fundamental IDEAS behind C.T XE "C.T" . and I.A. XE "I.A."  Theory have very similar roots, but both refer to variants of Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" . Initially, Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  implementations should be released from their, currently kinematic XE "kinematic" , forms into the wider domain of kinesis XE "kinesis"  and the dynamics XE "dynamics"  of life. That is a project underway, entirely realisable, but, as yet, not satisfactorily completed, except, perhaps, in part. To phrase this matter in slightly different terms, a dynamic mesh XE "mesh"  or Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  representation, essential to I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, can be used as it is, for all C.T XE "C.T" . interactions. That is because of the tacit assumption that conversations have a "start XE "start" " and a "finish XE "finish" ", however much they may be interrupted, in between. It is also quite possible to freeze or fix the values of certain mesh parameters, using the mesh as an approximate frame of reference, in C.T. based studies. That is, in fact, because, of the inherent C.T. punctuation XE "punctuation" , a matter considered earlier. Using this, and several, closely related notions, it is entirely possible to convert statements, theories, findings and so on, into the jargon of C.T. Not infrequently, the reverse process XE "process"  of translation, is in a more pernickety sense, also, possible. The theories in question, C.T XE "C.T" . and I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, have, naturally enough, much in common. They commensualise XE "commensualise" , if the following. important. matters are kept very firmly in mind. (1). The conservation XE "conservation"  of permissive application XE "permissive application" , of mandatory application XE "mandatory application" , and difference XE "difference"  are common to BOTH theories. (2). Concepts applied, permissively or by mandate, give rise to products XE "products"  and a process XE "process" -product XE "process-product"  complementarity XE "complementarity"  also applies to C.T XE "C.T" . and to I.A. XE "I.A."  theory. Similarly, both theories rely upon SIMILAR though not entirely IDENTICAL notions of concept XE "concept"  production XE "production" , reproduction and deflection to maintain distinction XE "distinction" , (and thus, identity), distinction conserved over concepts XE "concepts" , any participant XE "participant"  or group of them. This requirement, it will be shown, requires the conservation XE "conservation"  of an orthogonal operator, "Un XE "Un" ", to be identified with thought, in contrast to mentation XE "mentation" . (3). The form of the recursive specification of a concept XE "concept"  or a PIndividual is much the same in both theories but the base specification differs because of the essential multiplicity of temporality or succession in I.A. XE "I.A."  theory which may (but need not always), be obtrusive in C.T XE "C.T" . So is the specification of any MIndividual, able to incarnate or embody P-Individual XE "P-Individual" -minds. (4). Even in C.T., we must acknowledge that the programmatic or algorithmic part of a concept is continually rewritten, especially so whilst this concept is being applied. In this sense a concept MUST evolve. But, in I.A. theory XE "I.A. theory" , it is necessary to recognise that the one or more M-Individuals XE "M-Individuals"  which embody the P-Individual, also, of necessity, evolve. (5). Further, concepts XE "concepts"  are continually constructed and reconstructed from other concepts with which, because of this, they form coherent XE "coherent"  clusters XE "coherent clusters"  of various kinds. However, the concepts belonging to such a cluster, entire bundles or meshes XE "meshes"  of which constitute a minimal P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , retain their integrity as distinct concepts. In other words, distinction XE "distinction"  is preserved, a fact which may be imaged by an oppositely oriented cohesive force XE "force" , - holding concepts together and representing their adherence in clusters as a distinction conserving process XE "process" , acting in a (topolgically) orthogonal direction ( see.2.) to cohesive forces of any orientation, clockwise XE "clockwise"  or anti clockwise as it may be, penetrating the distinctions XE "distinctions"  created by the conceptual-processes, themselves. I used to employ the phrase"at right angles to"( and wish to thank Peter Martyns for indicating possible confusions, as with Euclidean Vector Spaces). We return to these points, in (10), below. (6). In I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, it is also important to recognise that the PIndividual evolution XE "evolution"  and the M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  evolution are inextricably coupled, since this is where we MUST, not only may, implicate AMITY or LOVE, as a willingness to engage in interaction XE "interaction" , to socialise. There is no brain cell making you love XE "love"  me, interact with me, or if there is, then, like the unique pleasure centre, or the unique homunculus, it is an accident, perhaps it is a very expedient one. But it is not required for personal affection and sentience, the main qualities/quantities, conserved and perpetually evolving/developing, in the dynamic of C.T XE "C.T" . or I.A theory. (7). All of these dynamic and evolutionary XE "evolution"  processes are, very often, usefully visualised in C.T XE "C.T" . by a start XE "start"  and a finish XE "finish"  paradigm. In I.A. XE "I.A."  Theory it is rarely, if ever, possible to recognise the start and the finish of an interaction XE "interaction" . (8). In some interactions, this is due to the irregular and often enough knotted strands of a temporal XE "temporal"  or causal co-ordinate. Thus P-Individuals, however embodied, MUST evolve. Similarly, the embodying M-Individuals XE "M-Individuals" , MUST evolve. Their evolution XE "evolution"  and their relative rates of evolution are not, on the whole synchronised, as by a clock which is common to all of them, neither that, nor are they somehow pre-set. The otherwise asynchronous is rendered synchronous XE "synchronous"  by the necessities of interaction XE "interaction" , ordaining local synchronicity XE "synchronicity" , only. If needs be, we may note the non-linear dynamics XE "dynamics"  of any productive XE "productive"  and reproductive XE "reproductive"  process XE "process" , concurrent with the processes that are reproduced, applied to form ordered pairs, that is, concepts XE "concepts" . It is clear that haphazard perturbations, from beyond the horizon of the distinctive carapace, symbollically the product of conceptual processes, an organism itself, may contribute variety XE "variety"  to the system XE "system" , but they are inessential, the predictable chaos of non linear, iterated, processes, approaching a chaotic attractor XE "chaotic attractor"  would provide sufficient variety to suffice, were there no perturbations from an outside. (9). These facts give rise to a necessary awareness (that is, a Petri XE "Petri"  Type information XE "information"  transfer). In I.A. XE "I.A." , also C.T XE "C.T" ., a measure of consciousness XE "consciousness" , is a (Petri type ) information exchange relation, in or between participants XE "participants" . This is an index for the amount of awareness, or the amount of informational interaction XE "interaction" . The MEANING, invariably attached to this AMOUNT, depends upon the concepts XE "concepts"  envisioned by one participant XE "participant" , or shared between several participants who are interacting. (10). In C.T XE "C.T" . and in Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  there is a process XE "process"  of unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  (see.2.) which is conserved, and orthogonal to the oriented dynamic of mentation XE "mentation" . Since it crosses the distinctions XE "distinctions"  created by conceptual processes (hence, as later, directional in contrast to oriented), but bears the orientation signature of its origin. It excites processes within the self created boundaries of concepts XE "concepts"  or the participants XE "participants" , composed of them. It is interpreted as thought, and its subsequent emission is radiation like. Hence, transactions in C.T. may be regarded as a resonance XE "resonance" , in some Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  linguistic field shared by the participants. In C.T., we may, but need not necessarily, deal with action XE "action"  as the coalescence of distinctly oriented unfoldments XE "unfoldments" , determining, by their orientation signatured direction, and an ordered domain of interpretation. Usually this domain is generated by a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh XE "mesh" , analogically related to some characterising mesh, but of opposite orientation, as, also, are the signatures XE "signatures"  of its directed unfoldments. If directed unfoldments of opposite orientation signature impinge, together, upon the same opaque distinction XE "distinction" , then they cancel, to produce action of the actor XE "actor"  in whom this event takes place. (11). In l.A. Theory, action XE "action" , the absolute, must depend upon a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh XE "mesh" , determining the meaning XE "meaning" , direction in a given domain, of actions generated by streams of thought, under some legitimate unfoldment XE "unfoldment" . Formally, action is characterised by the cancellation of orientations attached to directional unfoldments XE "unfoldments" . (12). In I.A. XE "I.A."  theory it is possible to handle intra-personal and interpersonal interaction XE "interaction" . The basis of this facility is that we may write expressions, comparable to TA=A(T), or TB=B(T), like AB=B(A) or BA= A(B), or, in general, expressions like ZZ = Z XE "Z" (Z) and so on. These few clauses, namely clause (1), to clause (12), offer but a vague, unduly global, overview. Their stated intention is to provide such an overview, not a cack handed attempt at explanation of the contents of Chapter 6. Only by examination of Chapter 5, or its equivalent, is it possible to gain an appreciation of the theories in question, namely C.T XE "C.T" ., Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , and I.A. XE "I.A."  Theory and, since analogies XE "analogies"  have a peculiar significance in this undertaking, there is ample justification for the fairly large portion of the Chapter which is devoted to analogy XE "analogy"  and metaphor XE "metaphor" . It is assumed that allegory XE "allegory" , like metaphor and anaphor XE "anaphor" , designate immediate and past referential analogies. That is, to demonstrate some sequence or story dominated by analogies. Quite often, the term analogy XE "analogy"  is used for any kind or collection of analogies XE "analogies" , all having a specific similarity and a specific difference XE "difference"  or named distinction XE "distinction" . The next volume in our series will show, as concisely as possible, explications of notions which appear in the forthcoming discussion but which are, very readily, overlooked. Table.3., Table.4., in here. CHAPTER 5 SOME SYMBOLIC NOTATIONS REQUIRED FOR TERSE EXPOSITION. In order to avoid, so far as is possible, repetitious and unduly embedded statements, a modicum of symbolic notation XE "notation"  (and, along with it, some formalism), is required at this point in the discussion. The extent of this proliferation is limited by consigning much of it to the later volumes and Fig.33.. This is a possibly worthy but also rather inept effort to get around a maxim (recommended to and promulgated by Steven Hawkins in his recent," A brief history of Time XE "Time" "), a book about the genesis and character of Time, (Hawkins, S.W., 1988), to the effect that for every equation or mathematical XE "mathematical"  symbolic-expression you introduce, as an author, you are likely to loose half your potential readers. Neither he nor, on a lesser scale, I, DO wish to LOSE readers. For myself, I have adopted the expedient of providing a rather liberally sized further volume in the series, to which is allocated much of the fundamental argument in favour of certain, otherwise platitudinous derivations, inferences and the like. Briefly, this Chapter 5, also, Chapter 6, are intended to furnish the minimal requirement for rational development of the notions proposed. The parts missed out, since experience has shown that they are apt to be misleading initially, whilst exhilarating later on, are alluded to, if at all, as further volume matters. At any rate, this expedient, of scuttering around the significant to begin with, though approaching it later on; or, of carving up the field of enquiry in a somewhat arbitrary manner; are, largely, fabrications. !n any case they yield the following subdivisions, distinctions XE "distinctions"  made by observers XE "observers" , for their own convenience, rather than hewn from the rock of intellect, BY the intellect, and FOR cogent observation. They are mere differences XE "differences" , possibly distractions. But, all the same can be useful and of value to observers and participants XE "participants"  and actors XE "actors" , alike, if aware of their limitations. It is a little ironic, since in the following clauses and paragraphs we distinguish certain context dependent styles of learning and creativity, to point out that people, taken as a whole, tend to be analytic, to dissect their worlds in the manner of the clauses to follow, and order them linearly. Personally, I find the layout anathematic, but that is probably because I have lived with the stuff for so long and prefer to see it globally. One way of subscribing to this prevalent and linear fashion is to number the stepwise arrangement of bits and pieces from the dissecting table, using Roman Numerals as sufficiently dignified to be main headings. THIS is what we shall do, in the present Chapter, and THAT is why we do it. So, let us proceed. (I). DEFINITIONS OF MAIN TERMS. (1). Let Z XE "Z" =A, B XE "A, B" , ..... and so on, index participants XE "participants" . (2). Let T, Q, P, R, S, U, V,..... stand for the NAMES of CONCEPTS, insofar as real concepts XE "concepts" , bearing but NOT at all BEING this name or label. Let T be a representative symbol, over the set of NAMES or LABELS. Let i, j, such that i is not equal to j but, also, such that i has a range from 0 to a finite number, say n, and j has a range from 0 to some finite number, say m, be auxiliary indices, employed to give specificity or particularity to any one-or-other entity. (3). Let Prog(T) XE "Prog(T)"  designate an algorithmic like entity, or a collection of them, such as Prog i (T), Prog j (T), ...., which, if compiled or interpreted (in the broad and philosophical sense) gives rise to a product, named T. (4). Let Proc(T) XE "Proc(T)"  be the compiled or interpreted form of Prog(T) XE "Prog(T)" , that is a form capable of application, as it stands interpreted in any competent, appropriate and dynamic medium, to yield a product, namely, D(T) XE "D(T)" . (5). Let ProcZ(T) be a procedure, namely, such an interpretation in the fabric of a participant XE "participant" , Z XE "Z" , which is applicable to yield either DZ(T) or else dZ XE "dZ" , a member of the set DZ(T). (6). Let it be ORDAINED that D(T) XE "D(T)" , d member of D(T), or dZ XE "dZ"  of DZ(T) contains as a member, or includes as a proper or improper subset one or more Prog(T) XE "Prog(T)" , for Prog(T), are one or more strings XE "strings"  of symbols, albeit instructional, upon interpretation. As they stand, however, they are surely set members or subsets, perhaps of an arbitrarily large Cartesian Product set. On the contrary, ProcZ, especially since modified under application, most certainly is not a set element or a subset. Some explication is needed, at this juncture, in order to avoid possible confusion. Whereas Prog(T), Prog i (T) and so on are indubitably set elements or subsets, Proc(T) XE "Proc(T)"  or Proc i (T) are definitively NOT such things. For example, whilst it is harmless jargon in computer XE "computer"  science XE "science" , having a computer, operating system XE "system"  and programming XE "programming"  language in mind, to say this program may be executed or that it is under execution XE "execution" , it is, in the general case, utter NONSENSE. For, in the computer science case, operating system, programming language and so on, are, rightly enough, taken for granted, they are not so, in the case of brains and societies. That, incidentally, is why we consistently employ the somewhat broader application, or Ap XE "Ap" , in place of Execution or Ex XE "Ex" , implying not only that execution is in a computer of some kind but, also, in a serial machine, built to satisfy the essentially serial algebras of Church, Markoff, Turing, Von Neumann and others. In contrast, Ap permits activation in any system, a brain, a society, a Petri XE "Petri"  Net, as a limiting case, in a standard computing machine. (7). Let Con stand for a coherent XE "coherent" , serial, parallel or concurrent colligation of Proc, as the name suggests, a concept XE "concept"  procedure such that if Ap XE "Ap" (Con(T) XE "Con(T)" )==>, then D(T) XE "D(T)" , so that the complementary pair indicates a Concept, proper, as represented without subscript, at an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  interface. Also, let Con' be of the form concept XE "concept" , but a concept that acts upon other concepts XE "concepts"  to produce and, incidentally reproduce the same or fresh ones. That is, for any viable or stable concept, we have, given Ap XE "Ap"  occurring Ap(Con* XE "Con*" ())==>, for any T, or, in general, that there is a complementarity XE "complementarity"  of the type . (8). Let ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)"  signify one of Z XE "Z" 's concepts XE "concepts" , here of a concept XE "concept" , equisignificantly a skill XE "skill" , named T. (9). Let Con*Z XE "Z"  be a productive XE "productive"  and, incidentally, reproductive XE "reproductive"  operator of the form Con but peculiar to participant XE "participant"  Z, such that Ap XE "Ap" (ConZ'())==>some such that it is coherent XE "coherent"  with Z's repertoire of concepts XE "concepts"  and their clusters ( as below), It follows, from the previous clauses, that there is a complementarity XE "complementarity" , Con* XE "Con*" =. Further, regarded in its CANONICAL form, a MINIMAL P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , a minimal participantZ's extent, IS the SCOPE of Con*Z XE "Con*Z" , although more extensive forms may, obviously, exist. The complementarity XE "complementarity"  ConZ* = accounts for the prediction XE "prediction" , in C.T XE "C.T" ., that P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals"  or context-dependent participants XE "participants"  may have dominant learning and innovative styles, in much of the literature Con+Z being written "Description Building", or DB and Con-Z being written "procedure building ", or PB types of mentation XE "mentation" , these predictions being verified by empirical evidence. There is even stronger empirical support XE "support"  for the fact that both modes of conceptualisation are needed to acheive understanding XE "understanding"  of a concept XE "concept" , which once understood may become more difficult to acess but is ineradicable. (10). Let Ap XE "Ap" (.... ) be a permissive, that is MAY not MUST operator, conserved or evolving over any P-Individual XE "P-Individual" . Let the composite form, namely of &(Ap(..... )), be an imperative operator, conserved or evolving over any P-Individual, signifying that at least one of those things, permitted by Ap, given an & prefix, must in fact be done. (11). No concept XE "concept"  may exist upon its own, only in a collegiate relation to other concepts XE "concepts"  which form a cluster (as above) and are mutually responsible for production XE "production"  and reproduction. (12). Any concept XE "concept"  encompasses an indefinitely large number of refinements, of the concept. Any concept is, also, a generalisation. As the value of a conversation XE "conversation"  is analogy XE "analogy"  and any analogy has a generalisation, C.T XE "C.T" . and I.A. XE "I.A."  also, are recursive. (II). SOME FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS OF C.T XE "C.T" ., Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  AND OF I,A, THEORY. (1). Conversation theory is about conversational interactions, concept XE "concept"  sharing, between several participants XE "participants"  and Interaction of Actors theory about more general interactions between actors XE "actors" , generalised participants. All participants have one canonical specification as P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , indexed, as above, by Z XE "Z"  but all of them are embodied, incarnated, or interpreted in one of more substrates, brains, societies, or whatever. Any conversation XE "conversation" , any interaction XE "interaction"  for that matter, is punctuated. In essence it is punctuated by agreements or agreements to disagree. It is convenient to use the term agreement XE "agreement"  for both, so that agreement does not imply accord. Such an agreement is aptly imaged by a dynamic form of coherence, provided we bear in mind that the agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree"  component has an equal if not greater significance than the component of accord. After all, it is this which maintains the distinction XE "distinction"  between the participants XE "participants" , say Z XE "Z" =A and Z=B, which is the rationale of their discourse in the first place. This punctuation XE "punctuation" , intended in the broadest possible sense, has a great deal to do with the multiplicity of types and modalities of language in which conversations, interactions, or whatever take place. For, whilst it is hard to deny that A and B, say, might indulge in the painful experience of trepanning each others skulls and injecting bits of brain tissue, they do not, in recent experience, often do so. There is, of course, historical evidence that primitive men did trepan skulls, but the historians appear to believe that this operation was performed in order to release malicious daemons. So, in general, we converse in symbols and set theoretically tractable entities, descriptions and so on, the DZ(T). But, in this context, recall, from (I), that any DZ(T) includes or has as a member, each Prog(T) XE "Prog(T)"  entailed, upon interpretation, in its production XE "production" , but most certainly, does not include or have as a member any not-set theoretic ProcZ(T), or ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" . Due to the complementarity XE "complementarity"  ConZ(T)= the interpretation of Z=A and Z=B, exchanging strings XE "strings"  like Prog(T) or descriptions in D(T) XE "D(T)" , are different. The connotation ascribed by A, to "T", for example, is not the connotation ascribed by B, whatever the denotative properties of "T" may be. At any rate, in language of whatever kind, the idea that punctuation XE "punctuation"  in conversational or other interaction XE "interaction"  waxes and wanes, the norm nowadays, is of greater importance than had been, previously, recognised. It may take many forms, such as fluctuations, with gaps filled by high sounding platitudes between mutually comprehensible dialogue. It may take the form of start XE "start"  and finish XE "finish"  markers, interpolated in a generally sensible flux of speech or action XE "action" . It may mark sentences, phrases, stanzas, scenes, acts, plays stories or polemics. It IS, in fact, invariably a punctuation of MEANING and it is, so to say, the outer husk of a quantisation of meaning XE "meaning" , to which we soon return. At such marks of punctuation, it is reasonable, nay necessary, to face the truth valuation of a conversation XE "conversation" . We do NOT mean the truth value of metastatements, made by an observer in a metalanguage XE "metalanguage" , ABOUT a conversation XE "conversation"  or other interaction XE "interaction" , for example, that A and B did converse or interact at such and such a moment or in such and such a place. We DO mean the truth value of the conversation, in particular an agreement XE "agreement"  or an agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" , revealing that it is a certain kind of EVENT. This kind of event is an analogy XE "analogy"  (that which has a similarity and a difference XE "difference" ). Here, in the simple but primordial case of an A, B XE "A, B" , interaction, the DIFFERENCE XE "DIFFERENCE"  is that which renders A and B distinct participants XE "participants"  and the SIMILARITY XE "SIMILARITY"  consists in the CONCEPTS they have SHARED (as a result of the conversation), in their interaction. (3). It has already been indicated that the external dynamics XE "dynamics"  of a conversation XE "conversation"  or an interaction XE "interaction"  strongly resemble the microdynamics of the internal interactions, coherencies XE "coherencies"  and distinctions XE "distinctions" , of an actor XE "actor"  or other participant XE "participant" . In order to delve into this matter, it is convenient to make a few arbitrary distinctions. These arbitrary categorical distinctions are as follows, namely (a). Conceptual Flux, to include the production XE "production" , reproduction and creative innovation XE "innovation"  of concepts XE "concepts" , as well as concepts themselves as complementary process XE "process" -product XE "process-product" -pairs. (b). Directed thought. (c). Action XE "Action"  and Interaction. There are many ways of dealing with each, several of which will be explored, since some are more generally facile than others. Further, a great deal of personal disposition for one-or-other kind of exposition is involved and we shall take the opportunity to note others, which are not dealt with in this volume, but deserve scrutiny. (4). One approach to conceptual flux is by a permissive, if you prefer it, a multi-causal-algebraic form. Given, from (I), how a concept XE "concept"  is specified, we need to describe its stability, resilience, memorability or its production XE "production"  and reproduction from other concepts XE "concepts" . Starting with the applicability of interpreted concepts, thus from Ap XE "Ap" (ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" ==>DZ(T) or the process XE "process" -prod uctcomplementarity of , we specify the base and the iteration of a recursive form, namely, for the base ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" =ProcZi(T) BNF, OR[ProcZi(T)]BNF, OR in which [ and ] enclose entirely parallel and already synchronous XE "synchronous"  processes or procedures, i is not equal to j and the last term expresses the fact that the synchronous coherence XE "synchronous coherence"  of a not necessarily compatible procedure involves a Petri XE "Petri" -like information XE "information" -transfer, which IS, henceforward, interpreted as one kind of AWARENESS on the part of the participant XE "participant"  in question. For example, ProcZi(T) may be a series of instructions, say for knitting, and equated with ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" , the introduction of ProcZj(T) as due to a mishap, concerning the use of an instructed skill XE "skill"  or concept XE "concept" , and the entirely coherent XE "coherent"  and parallel collection as the automatic and probably unconscious performance of this skill. Concepts are, amongst other things, skills. The base, is such the Ap XE "Ap" ( ConZ(T))==>DZ(T). The iteration is under the operator Con*Z XE "Z" , so that Ap XE "Ap" (Con*Z XE "Z" ()) = Ap(Con*Z XE "Con*Z" (Ap(ConZ(T))==>. Finally, in a permissive logic, ))==>. Next, it is evident that Con*Z XE "Z"  acts upon arguments of different type, so that, really, Con*Z XE "Con*Z" , being amongst the products XE "products"  Con*Z XE "Z" = where, for any U, V, ...., we have Ap XE "Ap" (ConZ+(DZ(U), DZ(V)..... )-=>DZ(T) and that Ap XE "Ap" (ConZ-(Any ProcZ's in Z XE "Z" 's repertoire)==>ProcZ(T)in ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" . Hence, the production XE "production"  and incidental reproduction of concepts XE "concepts"  has been, in outline, demonstrated. Let us proceed, however, to organizational-closure XE "organisational-closure"  and informational-openness and P-Individuation. These are properties that permeate conversation XE "conversation"  and other modes of interaction XE "interaction" , essentially of self organization XE "self organisation" . (5). From previous specification, a system XE "system"  is organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  if and only if it is a dynamic system, involving the production XE "production"  of products XE "products" , AMONGST which are the productive XE "productive"  operators themselves. In this case, of dynamic conceptual systems, the products are concepts XE "concepts"  and the productive operators, acting upon the concepts, are AMONGST the Con*Z XE "Z"  responsible for the productions and, incidentally, reproduction of the system. In fact the amongst clause also admits not only the possibility of organizational-closure XE "organisational-closure"  but, also informational open-ness, so that organizationally closed systems may interact with each other in the same participant XE "participant"  but also between participants XE "participants" , forming larger and still informationally open closures. Since the amongst clause may give rise to novel products, since the productions have singular resolutions and bifurcations XE "bifurcations" , it accounts for one kind of creativity or innovation XE "innovation" . There are other types of creative evolution XE "evolution" , more readily dealt with using a different notation XE "notation" . Immediately, we confine attention to a minimal conversational interaction XE "interaction"  between A and B, using a graphic form of the present notation. Fig. 7. shows an organizationally closed conceptual system in A, Fig. 8. shows an organizationally closed system in B, Fig. 9. depicts an A, B XE "A, B" , interaction and Fig. 10. One possible outcome of concept XE "concept"  sharing if A and B have quite different concepts of some concept they name T. The double arrows, like =_> represent productions, the ordinary arrows, such as --> the return paths of products to productive operators and it is assumed, in each case, that Con*Z XE "Con*Z"  is amongst the products of each system, although Z=A is not the same as Z=B. The interaction shown in these pictures results in A and B sharing concepts and learning something more about what they call T, so that their concepts of T evolve. More importantly, or of equal importance, A learns about B and B learns about A, in particular how they are distinct, using the shared concept of T as pivotal in doing so. (6). Before embarking upon several other notation XE "notation"  methods, it is appropriate to introduce some definitions which yield abbreviations that will prove invaluable when dealing with those interpersonal interactions upon which Bateson and Laing have focused their attention. These are the many layered interactions typified by what does A think of T and what does A think B thinks of T up to what does A think that B thinks of T and, vice versa, starting with what does B think of T. Of these, the what, how, and why questioning and replying, shown in Fig. 2, is a special case, but an important one. Our abbreviating definitions are, as follows. They are, of course, merely representative of a thoroughly general scheme. TA=A(T)=, A's Concept of T, TB=B(T)= , B's Concept of T, or, in general TZ=Z XE "Z" (T)= , also, in general AA=A(A)= , A's Concept of A, AB=A(B)= , A's Concept of B. and vice versa, or, in general terms ZZ=Z XE "Z" (Z)= , given that for all Z XE "Z"  and all T, the concepts XE "concepts"  TA = A(T) is not equal to TB = B(T) and that AA= A(A) is not equal to BA = B(A) and vice versa, hence, there are no Doppelgangers XE "Doppelgangers" . . In Fig.11. is shown a minimal interpersonal interaction XE "interaction" , between participants XE "participants"  A and B, of this type. The pivotal focus may be any, personally relevant, event, of concern to these participants. (III ). ORIGINAL AND LATER REPRESENTATIONS. (1). In the late 1960s and the early 1970s it was recognised that studies of conversational concept XE "concept"  sharing called for a means of representing the concepts XE "concepts"  that are shared by the participants XE "participants" , further that this representation should image what could be known about their conceptual processes. The first way of doing so (still valid but exceptionally cumbersome ) employed entailment meshes XE "meshes"  (Fig. 12A, to Fig. 12F.), directed graphs and certain attachments, having the property of local cyclicity XE "cyclicity" , represented between re-entrant arcs to depict the fact that a collection of concepts were mutually productive XE "productive" , incidentally reproductive XE "reproductive" , also. The name mesh XE "mesh"  was, perhaps, misleading, insofar as it suggests a static structure akin to an associative network, which it is NOT because (i). each node, representing a concept XE "concept"  NAME, is associated with one or more models or explanations of the concept it names and the fact that this model XE "model"  is necessarily applicable to it a slightly diluted image of a shared concept, and (ii ). Because this shared conceptual image is mutually productive XE "productive"  and, incidentally, reproduced from other concepts XE "concepts" , as indicated by the local plexi of cyclic arcs (of course, there may be other-than-local cyclicities, as well, but the local cyclicity XE "cyclicity"  property is mandatory). Fig. 12A 12B, a distributive form, the A and B shared concept XE "concept"  ( here, of T) with many productions and, incidentally, methods of reproduction, or, if preferred, derivations. Both of these pictures show applicable models, which. upon application yield descriptions or products XE "products" . However, both are shorn of the local cyclicity which is amongst their essential properties. Since the locally cyclic structures amount to dynamic and coherent XE "coherent"  clusters XE "coherent clusters"  of shared concepts, the notation XE "notation"  employed in Fig. 12D. and in Fig. 12E, is much more facile, especially if other than local cyclicity is also involved, as in Fig. 12F. Other disadvantages of the original kind of representation are the fact that it fails to emphasise the essential dynamism intended, that meshes XE "meshes"  are prone to be confused with associative networks and the like, static or at best kinematic XE "kinematic"  entities not really representing shared concepts except in a naively fixed definitional sense, that they are not readily manipulable and, finally, that the representation of analogy XE "analogy"  relations XE "relations"  is arbitrary and far from being adequate. It would have been better to use Peter Burch's name, for these plexi, Mailles d'entrainement. However, as it stands we opt for meshes seen as kinetic XE "kinetic"  and legally connected conceptual clusters, the minimal mesh XE "mesh"  being a collective cluster and, somewhat later, for analogically connected mesh families. In each case, a mesh is Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  LEGAL, if and only if it is Unfoldable from ALL concepts entrained in entrained Here it is quite essential to insist that concepts, as intended in a mesh, are not just concept names and that clusters or productive and, incidentally, reproductive XE "reproductive"  clusters of them are NOT merely splodges filled with concept names, ad libitum. They ARE topological systems and, in the following clauses, we shall assert and seek to justify their validity and rectitude. (2). Graphically, it is possible to represent the process XE "process"  &(Ap XE "Ap" (ConZ(T) XE "ConZ(T)" )==> as a line extending into a void XE "void" , as in Fig. 13, provided that (i). we appreciate that the line may be clockwise XE "clockwise"  oriented or anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  oriented and (ii). that the line is not homeomorphic upon a geometric line but is like a strand of rope or many cored cable. I DO appreciate that, for manipulative purposes, these ropes or many cored cables may, for such PURPOSES, only, be made homeomorphic upon lines in a richly marked and directed graph, as in Kauffman's theory of knots XE "Kauffman's theory of knots" . The product of this process XE "process"  may, similarly, be represented by a cylindrical carapace or distinction XE "distinction" , as in Fig. 14, the distinction of DZ(T). Thus, inscribed upon paper, this process line goes into the void XE "void" , to the right or to the left and the process is given a sign+, clockwise XE "clockwise" ,+, or, anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise" . By comparable token, the distinction, cylindrical in shape, exerts a deflective force XE "force" , denoted orthogonally, but bearing the signature, clockwise or anticlockwise, of the process which creates it. These constructions are shown in Fig. 15A. and in Fig. 15B, and are, if it is accepted that -, whatever its orientation signature, is orthogonal to +, then it is the case that it deflects similar concepts XE "concepts" , and that it is directed into a not void XE "void" , or a something. If and only if a process XE "process"  line loops back upon itself to produce a circle and if, as a result the product, represented as cylinder becomes a torus XE "torus" , then a concept XE "concept"  exists, assumes the value of a dynamic coherence truth (Rescher, as refd) or a hermeneutic truth (Taylor, as refd), in the rigorous sense of an iterative refinement of meaning XE "meaning" . Manifestly, this type of truth has clockwise XE "clockwise"  and anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  variants, the distinction XE "distinction"  conserving and orthogonal forces have clockwise and anticlockwise signature variants, as shown in Fig. 16A. and Fig. 16B. which indicate forms of self reference. Further, since under certain circumstances, refinements of a concept may emerge from the torus and re-enter it by some, possibly devious routes, these emergent and reentrant forms assume truth values of clockwise or anticlockwise other-or-many reference, as in concepts XE "concepts"  shared by a society. This possibility, a very important one, is shown in Fig. 17A and in Fig. 17B, as below. It has been argued that no concept may exist upon its own, only within some cluster. A collective and minimal cluster is shown in Fig. 18, a minimal distributive cluster is shown in Fig. 19.In Fig. 20, we note the essentially horizontal and vertical sections of a torus XE "torus"  of any genus, or number of holes. We shall elect to call the half section derived from the vertical slice section canonical, since, from it one can most readily reconstruct the topological properties of the image. Thus, in Fig. 21. is a canonical XE "canonical"  section of a collective form and in Fig. 22. of a minimal distributive form, more elaborate mesh XE "mesh"  types being shown in Fig. 23. and a realistically complicated mesh, for a design, in Fig. 24. A mesh picture is not, as previously insisted, an arbitrary collection of overlapping bags and baubles. It is a canonical section through the kinetic XE "kinetic"  systems exhibited, of process XE "process"  and products XE "products"  or distinctions XE "distinctions" . In fact, rather more than that is involved in this matter. (3). Let us concentrate upon directed thought, following the signatured deflections which are maintained from an origin or focus, say from concept XE "concept"  "o", across distinction XE "distinction" . This operation, called Un XE "Un" , or unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , is also conserved over a system XE "system" . There are several kinds of unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , here we only address two of them. One of the two (classical naming), is called PRUNE XE "PRUNE"  and the other (classical naming), is called selective prune, or SELPRUNE XE "SELPRUNE" . These unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  have, as their arguments, a shared concept XE "concept"  and a mesh XE "mesh"  in which it resides. They follow the directional-but-signatured arrows, relating shared concepts XE "concepts"  and clusters in the direction of "into something" or, the "not void XE "void" ", a space perhaps. When an unfoldment impinges upon any concepts, in the neighbourhood, the bounding distinction XE "distinction"  of the origin it activates them, renders them applicable and thus potentially reveals the products XE "products"  of the conceptual process XE "process"  responsible for creating these products, or distinctions XE "distinctions" . Such activated concepts behave like the origin concept, "o", with respect to their own neighbourhoods. This is a fruitful mode of contemplation, provided that we have in mind a couple of basic riddles, namely (i). What is meant by activating, or equisignificantly, a concept XE "concept" , apart from the fact that it may be applied to produce a product or distinction XE "distinction" , hence thought-of from a given direction and (ii ). How does one locate the origin-concept XE "concept" ? The thin coating of gilt paint is substantially removed from the gingerbread by noting, as follows, that neither (i) nor (ii ) are proper questions, evocative of proper replies, that no mesh XE "mesh"  is static but dynamic and continually evolving, finally, at any rate an this moment, there is neither an assured theory saying how the origin concept XE "concept"  is selected, that is, of what do we attend to or what is our focus of thought or at what point is an unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  truncated, as it often is. For that matter, what is awareness, on the part of a participant XE "participant"  or actor XE "actor"  (of whatever kind) or what is consciousness XE "consciousness" , between participants XE "participants" , or actors XE "actors"  (of whatever kind)? Of course, there are plenty of ad hoc resolutions to these problematic situations. For example, if someone explodes fireworks in the vicinity, I am likely to attend to where the fireworks were let off and made their explosions, if someone sings a beautiful song or shows a magnificent painting, then I am likely to listen or look attentively. If I am bored or realise that I am perseverating, then I am likely to seek grassier fields across the hill, like the proverbial donkey. If I feel apprehensive about a place, then I am likely either to dull the apprehension or cast around for the source of it. But these are ad hoc resolutions and unless unrepentant and downright behaviourists, we cannot take a plethora of stimuli, operant or not. as any more that incidental reasons which introduce a motive into an otherwise sessile organism. On the positive side, it IS possible to say that unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  MUST occur when singularities XE "singularities"  in an evolving mesh XE "mesh" , resolved by analogy XE "analogy"  creation, (as later), give rise to an information XE "information"  peak, a step function of neccessary information input or creation. Further, these are not the only peaks in a potential distribution over the mesh, (which I strongly conjecture to be an information potential). Finally, that the quantity of information transfer, in the sense of C.A.Petri XE "Petri" , is a measure of awareness and that it occurs whenever some distinction XE "distinction"  is crossed, being the directed awareness of thought and often consciousness XE "consciousness" . However, a considerable measure of ignorance still exists, it would be spurious to deny it. Admitting that measure of ignorance (or ascribing a fundamental indeterminacy XE "indeterminacy" , at this point), Fig. 25. and Fig. 26. are introduced in order to illustrate the MECHANISM, not the RATIONALE, of unfoldments XE "unfoldments" . There is (and, so I am inclined to believe), there always will be, an underlying indeterminacy in these matters, that of free will, which it is demeaning and false to substitute by dice throwing. However, I shall conjecture about the excitation of concepts XE "concepts"  My conjecture is this, that The directed but orientation signatured unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  invoked by &(Un XE "Un" ) is a means of introducing a need for distinction XE "distinction"  crossing and meaningful information XE "information"  transfer, pumping directed energy into an otherwise disorderly aggregate of concepts XE "concepts" . Obviously, the term "energy" is used metaphorically. Those concepts touched upon become excited, rather after the manner of atomic oscillators. Here, once again, is a deliberately metaphorical usage, since a concept XE "concept"  is NOT an atomic oscillator XE "atomic oscillator" , it is neither particularly "atomic", in the sense of fundamentally staid and particulate but nor, for that matter, are real atoms. I maintain, however, that by virtue of its position amidst and its juxtaposition with other concepts, it realises this distinction crossing and meaningful information, metaphorically, energy. Further, that by virtue of excitation, it is placed at discrete and context dependent levels of meaningfulness, a function of its condition and the context in which it is excited. It thus releases its surplus meaning XE "meaning"  in quantised, though context dependent, jumps. This emission is characteristic of any kind of language and any action XE "action" , it is, not quite so metaphorically, a radiation emitted in meaningfully quantised packages. Emitted into what, though. Do we need some kind of aether as a medium, an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  processor at an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  interface, for example, or can we simply say that it goes into the curious topological manifold which extends from something into the void XE "void" . Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  as an abstract entity, is like a dimensionless space. It is odd, possibly maverick, to speak thus. But it is not lunatic, even if you deem it grossly misguided. The fact is, if concepts XE "concepts"  of different meaning XE "meaning"  were indistinguishable, like particles of distinct type, then it would not be difficult to develop a quantum dynamics XE "dynamics"  of thought, conceptualisation and action XE "action" . Happily, concepts are not so uniform. Distinction XE "Distinction" , of type but, also, of particulars are conserved. Therein lies the mystery, magic and urge to explore the caverns of an abyss called individual, organizational and social mind. However, let us end this section on a note of greater certitude, namely this. Whatever else, the UNFOLDABILITY XE "UNFOLDABILITY"  of a Mesh or of a mesh XE "mesh"  family of analogy XE "analogy"  related meshes XE "meshes" , is the criterion for Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  LEGALITY of the mesh or family of meshes. This, incidentally, underlines the importance of representing mesh analogies XE "analogies"  in a comparable topological manner to meshes simpliciter. This capability is of particular significance in respect to analogies relating meshes representing participants XE "participants" , conversing or interacting. Recall that the value of a conversation XE "conversation" , an interaction XE "interaction"  also, between participants is an analogy relation . (IV). ANALOGY RELATIONS ORDAINED BETWEEN CONCEPTS AND MESHES. (1). There are many differences XE "differences"  between the use of analogies XE "analogies"  that are GIVEN, for example, that the laws of mechanics and the laws of simple electrical circuitry are similar, but that there is an immense difference XE "difference"  between them. The material universes of discourse, appropriate to resistances, impedances and capacitance are DIFFERENT to those of entities like springs, weights, and dashpots. Also, the CREATION or DISCOVERY of analogies XE "analogies"  is distinct from their use. Both situations, analogies pointed out and those discovered and created are relevant, notably in education, learning, complex decision making XE "decision making"  and design. Here, however, we are mostly concerned with analogy XE "analogy"  creation and how it takes place. (2). So far, we have presented the form and unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  of well behaved meshes XE "meshes" , all of which have an outer husk or distinction XE "distinction"  which has the characteristics of a torus XE "torus" . In the case of a minimal mesh XE "mesh" , a collective cluster, it is irredundant insofar as ALL of its unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  must be superimposed to obtain the original mesh. Others require that only SOME be superimposed, for this specific purpose. Meshes having outer or peripheral husks are toruses of genus O, if they are not other-than-locally cyclic and others, having non local cyclicity XE "cyclicity"  have peripheries forming toruses of genus greater than 0. None of them present situations in which one torroidal husk penetrates the surface of another such husk, until, that is, we come to analogies XE "analogies"  and families of meshes. The depiction of these requires, in projection, a Kleine Bottle, or Doubly Twisted torus XE "torus"  representation. Possibly the simplest configuration which contravenes the basic fiats for well behaved meshes XE "meshes"  is the unambiguous ambiguity (Dik Gregory), since it is ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  insofar as there is insufficient distinction XE "distinction"  to counter or accommodate the coherence asserted. A useful dynamic image is as follows, that if the resultant orienting force XE "force"  of a concept XE "concept"  is <+,clockwise XE "clockwise"  > and the deflective, distinction XE "distinction"  making,-force is signed <-, clockwise>, then the cluster of concepts XE "concepts"  is held together by a <+,anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise" > force. In the region containing, as in Fig.27., both the concept of "T' and the concept of "M", the anticlockwise resultant is too strong to permit the distinct existence of both the concept of "T" and that of "M", hence, further distinction must emerge by the emergence of refinements of T or M or both This is shown in Fig. 27 (together with the possible resolutions of this ambiguity). The image denies the rule of Genova. due to Vittorio Midora of Aldo Sanna's institute, in that city. These transformations are offered at an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  interface, in the absence of genuine information XE "information" , the only mechanical resolution being the last one proposed in the picture. Here, the only way to resolve the dilemma is to recognise that a concept XE "concept"  is a generalisation of its refinements and, to achieve resolution, induce a singularity, here a bifurcation, which renders the refined concepts XE "concepts"  explicit by a number of doubly-twisted, surface penetrating, re-entrant minor toruses. With Fig. 28. it is possible to model XE "model"  the topological reality of surface penetration, using topological projection models, one perspective and a pair of sections as constructions for the sparse notation XE "notation"  initially employed in the previous picture. It is not intended to use these accurate but admittedly complicated representations at this juncture, but it is important to recognise that, given tricks such as surface penetration at infinitely small points, these representations exist, may be constructed and render the notational schema of well behaved meshes XE "meshes"  congruent with aberrant or not well behaved meshes. This possibility is of especial significance, on considering the unfoldability of analogically connected mesh XE "mesh"  families. Some, in fact many, depictions are ambiguously ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  and all of these situations may be disambiguated, by recently discovered forms of analogy XE "analogy"  that are, on the one hand, tautomeric (to use a metaphor XE "metaphor"  from chemistry) or resonant, like a benzene molecule (to use another metaphor, culled from the domain of quantum chemistry and distribution theory). Some interesting exemplars, with their conceptual equivalents, are shown in Fig. 29, which indicates and illustrates a possible uniform approach, at the level of resonance XE "resonance" . It is, also, intriguing to relate this fact to the quantisation of meaning XE "meaning" , in Chapter 10. In order to avoid mixed metaphors, the reader is asked to refer back and forth between this facile exposition and the deeper, albeit utterly inadequate, presentation of Chapter l0. Anyhow, most analogies XE "analogies"  are probably of this, resonant, type, so are most, if not all concepts XE "concepts" , and a type that, as later, lies at the roots of organization and society, as well as creativity and innovation XE "innovation" . One further, essential point, needs emphasis. Due to its character, topologically speaking, the number of twists required in a relational minor torus XE "torus"  and its return path any analogy XE "analogy"  relation may retain, invert, or transcend orientation. This is why, for example, it is possible, as in Chapter 11. to couple meshes XE "meshes"  unidirectionally or bidirectionally or symmetrically. The unidirectional, inverting, form enables the coupling XE "coupling"  of a normal mesh XE "mesh"  and a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh of opposite orientation. (V). ESSENTIAL GENERALISATION. (1). Any coherent XE "coherent"  cluster, like any concept XE "concept" , may be regarded as a generalisation if its distinctive boundary is labelled uniquely. If it is so labelled, then one may unfold from clusters as well as concepts XE "concepts" , an operation illustrated in Fig. 30. (2). It is, in addition, possible to unfold from P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , with certain caveats due to their necessary M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation" . This is of particular significance, as argued in the next chapter, when the participants XE "participants"  are actors XE "actors" , playing roles XE "roles"  in an organization or a society, for it allows us to identify organizations and societies with analogy XE "analogy"  linked, topologically representable, families of analogy related meshes XE "meshes" . (3). However, a generalisation MUST be constructed when there is in Dik Gregory's(as in Gregory.D, 1988) and Paul Pangaro's terminology, (as in Pangaro.P, 1986) an ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  rather than an unambiguous ambiguity. In practice, such configurations are very commonly encountered. (4). In these cases, the overlapping and partially ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  cluster or clusters, must be designated as generalisations. For this reason, we call them essential generalisations. (VI). THE TEMPORALITY AND LOCAL SYNCHRONICITY OF ACTORS. Think on this, one, point. Why is most scientific thought besotted by the idea that actors XE "actors"  have comparable, even the same kinds, of temporal XE "temporal"  succession. For, quite manifestly, they seldom do have this property. (1). This fact, alongside a reappraisal of succession, essentially writing the index t as a vector of vectors is essential to the construction of a respectably defensible interaction XE "interaction"  of actors XE "actors"  or I.A. XE "I.A."  theory. It is essential, to is its firm foundation. The truth value of a conversation XE "conversation" , even, renders such an assumption suspect. Of an actor XE "actor" , culture XE "cultures" , or population the assumption is absurd and slipshod. (2). In conversation XE "conversation"  theory, we tacitly assume not only start XE "start"  and finish XE "finish"  but, also, a Congruent Iso-Inter-Family, that participants XE "participants"  have NOT the SAME but a congruent interpretation of messages. This, rather brash, assumption no longer holds for actors XE "actors" -as participants, be they players-on-stage, or people in roles XE "roles" , like air traffic controllers, passengers, pilots and ground staff, also in differing roles and restricted by duty cycles. As in (1), above, there is little or no justification for believing that the occupants of these roles have the same temporal XE "temporal"  index, t, as before. That is manifest, if only because of the very different tightness and regularity of couplings between the role determined occupations of the actors in question. For the fact is, an ACTOR XE "ACTOR"  in I.A. XE "I.A."  theory does not necessarily belong to the SAME iso-inter-family, although such families tend to converge as work goes on and actors form coherent XE "coherent"  teams. So, from (1), we must, at very least, replace our index, t, by a vector, say Theta XE "Theta" , where Theta(, ) is itself multiple, where A alludes to the P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  A and Theta (, ) refers to the P-Individual B and "1 "refers to Con A, Con B, their, most likely different, temporal conceptions, whereas "2 "refers to the, possibly independent, evolution XE "evolution"  of the Inter of A and B or the M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation"  of A and the M-Individuation of B. Further, the entire scheme must be prefixed by a system XE "system"  reference, say Lambda XE "Lambda" , and its relation to distinct roles and their local or global synchronicity XE "synchronicity" . (3). These comments lead, minimally, to a matrix like representation of actors XE "actors" , some considerable extension of which is required in order to deal with coherent XE "coherent"  systems. For example, quite apart from using a colligative Lambda XE "Lambda" , it is, in most cases, neccessary to invoke a plurality of them, as pointed out by de Zeeuw in a recent research seminar, thus giving vectors of matrices, in fact, having components of the form Lamda, say, of ,,. At least as much is demanded of the mesh XE "mesh"  representation of such things, their evolution XE "evolution" , in particular. We comment, rather later, upon the wisdom of using state space XE "state space"  or phase space XE "phase space"  representations at all, and venture into a hitherto barely explored region where they are relinquished in favour of a fundamentally event representation. In this, the first book of our series, we have the caution to venture gingerly. We only conjecture about the possibility, quite a maverick one for all that, of taking the carapaces, the distinctions XE "distinctions"  generated by the acts and interactions of actors XE "actors"  as they conceptualise and, crossing their conceptual distinctions, think about them AS the COORDINATES XE "COORDINATES"  in which it is appropriate to embed the actors and their actions and interactions, to forecast some of them, as well as may be. Fig.6. up to Fig.30., in here. CHAPTER 6. MIND, THOUGHT, ACTION XE "ACTION"  AND INTERACTION XE "INTERACTION" . After scrutinising Chapter 5, many readers will have concluded either that I am a lunatic or possibly the eccentric representative of a group which has established the basis for a fundamentally novel paradigm. To give this liberty of choice was the main reason for subtitling this book, Volume.l of a series, a monograph. You may consign me to the asylum, without regarding the other members as worthy of the same committal. Of course, I hope that you will neither do one nor the other, preferring the title Volume 1. Most of all, I hope that you will not throw the book aside, as so much repetitious trash. Suppose, for an instant, that you opt to take this book as a serious work. If so, it seems to me that certain relevant points emerge from our developments of and additions to C.T XE "C.T" . and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , in order to construct the embryo of I.A. XE "I.A."  Theory. It is opportune to present a selection of these points, in the following paragraphs. 6.1. INTERNAL DEPENDENCIES An actor XE "actor"  is a participant XE "participant"  and a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , but in the case of an actor it is essential to notice that the M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation"  of the participant has considerable significance. The notion of P-Individual was devised to permit embodiment or incarnation in any appropriate and dynamic M-Individual, one or more of them, such as a person, group, culture XE "cultures"  or organization, all of which may converse. So far as participating actors XE "actors"  are concerned, it is also crucial to consider, carefully, the kinds of M Individuation XE "M Individuation"  at stake. (i). That is so if only because of the types and rates of adaptation, on the one hand of the P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  constituting the participant XE "participant"  and the M-Individuated part. These, often different, types of adaptation are critical determinants of the evolution XE "evolution" , even the survival of the participants XE "participants"  in question. They are, above all, of immense significance if guiding or aiding the design of a social support XE "support"  system XE "system" . It is of no great consequence, WHICH social support system is alluded to. For example, it might be a support system for the H.I.V. infected, even those dying of AIDS or various other terminal diseases, like some, incurable, barely retardable, cancers. It might be a support system for the industrially misaligned, people in the wrong jobs like square pegs in round holes, one exemplar, constructed by members of our group, being a game-like system, the game-like, level sensitive, "Switcher". It might be a support system to maintain the power supply under gross overload, support to maintain citizens deemed "Schizophrenic" within society, rather than incarcerated within geriatric, a convenient ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  term, in benign but, actually bestial, hospitalisation or it might be support for the overload situations encountered in airports, where overload is the breeding ground for malice and terrorism. For that matter, it might be an urban support system, intended to obtain, or maintain, harmony between different ethnic minorities, or rival factions in a community which exists or has been displaced, by the equally pernicious happenings of accident and planning. The facts are that all such systems are characterised by different roles XE "roles" , filled by different people or groups. For example, one we cited previously, in an airport, there are roles such as air traffic controller, ground staff, reception staff, security, loading controller and so on. Increasingly, as we become accustomed to living in an information XE "information"  environment, these roles are aided or unified through communication and conversation XE "conversation"  channels, computerised interfaces and the like. Since these channels exist, their presence serves to underpin the pluralistic character of the causal and temporal XE "temporal"  types and scales appropriate to the participants XE "participants"  who occupy them, for the roles must exist, even if the people or groups have well deserved holidays. For example, in an airport, the air traffic and loading control groups must be, though in different ways, more tightly coupled, not only within one particular airport but between control stations, than, say, the ground staff who face a quite extraordinary mixture of travellers. Similarly, although with less differentiation XE "differentiation" , the cabin crew are less tightly coupled than the flight deck crew. That is, contingent upon circumstances. As you will know, if you have suffered the misfortune of being highjacked, then the liaison is, suddenly, close and intense. Never, after that, could you think of a cabin stewardess as a kind of low grade waitress, in a fast food joint. Again, in the different context of a home, for otherwise homeless youngsters on probation after one court appearance, there is a difference XE "difference"  in role and in coupling XE "coupling"  between the resident social workers and the other inhabitants. This is all fairly obvious, so, also, is the fact that the temporal XE "temporal"  and causal types and scales of these differently coupled groups determine differences XE "differences"  in languages. That is especially so, for the types of language, emphasised by Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw" , called problem solving languages. With a few exceptions he takes, as the extremities of a continuum, externally defined problems (I am apt to call them problematic situations, causes of anxiety or disquiet, crying out, clearly and loudly for problem formulation) and internally defined problems. (which I am prone to call just problems, either open to solution or demonstrably unsolvable). In either mode of expression it is clear enough that some kind of gap exists, further that in either mode the gap is essentially linguistic. That each role group uses different kinds of languages (de Zeeuw calls them, very appropriately s-languages) which could equally well be the languages of designers and planners or, on the other hand, of potential inhabitants of whatever structure is built, which (not uncommonly ) are mutually incomprehensible languages. That is, unless they are linked by a d-language (de Zeeuw), not just a metalanguage XE "metalanguage"  for talking about them. In the relatively restricted arena of C.T XE "C.T" ., it is often possible to concentrate upon the adaptation of P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" . If so, mental procedures are rewritten, at least, their algorithmic or programmatic part is rewritten, often whilst under application. If so, for any given participant XE "participant" , Z XE "Z" , then it is legitimate to regard the InterZ as invariant, hence, to regard the corresponding evolution XE "evolution"  of Z's M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation"  as real, but of relatively small significance. However, such a cavalier assumption is manifestly unfounded in the case when different people occupy similar roles XE "roles" , as in the exemplars just noted. That is the rule, rather than the exception, in I.A. XE "I.A."  theory. Underlying all this, there is a more fundamental reason why the usually distinct adaptation types and rates of the P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  and the M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  aspects of an actor XE "actor"  and participant XE "participant" , must be respected. It is that the internal interaction XE "interaction"  between the P-Individuated and the M-Individuated facets of a participant interact, in a subtle and possibly unique-to-the participant manner to create the essential quality of amity XE "amity" , because of which actors XE "actors"  are willing to speak to each other and to listen to each other. Whatever the particulars of internal-to-participant XE "participant"  interaction XE "interaction" , it seems clear that the quantity of this commodity, amity XE "amity" , is conserved in any interaction between actors XE "actors" . Perhaps this is most lucidly demonstrated in "An algebra of Conscience", due to Vladimir Lefebrve (as refd). This masterly but much neglected work deals with ethical systems, under the polar opposites of good and of evil which, rightly, remain undefined, just as the particulars of internal-to-participant interactions remain, quite properly, undefined. But the calculus XE "calculus" , introduced by Lefebrve is exact, a form of Boolean algebra which is enhanced by the adjunction of an exponential notation XE "notation"  and, in the immediate context, would be further enriched by the use of a modal logic. 6.2. ACTORS AS SPECIALISED PARTICIPANTS Here, I return to the habit of enumeration. It is convenient to do so, since what follows has a technical flavour but a very tangible substance. (i). Assume invariance, on the part of an observer. Let this observer elect to call (at the grain of observation chosen) any concept XE "concept"  a + clockwise XE "clockwise"  oriented entity.. If a deflective "-" indicated force XE "force"  following unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  of any evolving mesh XE "mesh" , signed by "+" clockwise (or vice versa), impinges at a boundary or distinction XE "distinction"  crossing, the product of a conceptual process XE "process" , then there is a cancellation of signatures XE "signatures" . (ii). Formally, there are solutions 0 and 1, or positive, and these are interpreted as inaction and action XE "action" . Such a collision may only occur through an analogical mesh XE "mesh" , also evolving, since an unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  of one signature may not penetrate a mesh characterised by an invariant observer of the other signature, excepting through evolving analogical meshes XE "meshes" , as they are demonstrated in Chapter 5. Yet, actors XE "actors"  are participants XE "participants"  who may act and interact. (iii). Further, under the conservation XE "conservation"  of Ap XE "Ap" (.... ) and of &(Ap(..... )), required by the conservation of Un XE "Un"  and Distinction XE "Distinction" , they must do so. Hence, actors XE "actors"  are minimally P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals"  who are M-Individuated in such a manner that they consist in at least one evolving and characterising mesh XE "mesh"  (see 6.3., below), one evolving analogical mesh, linking it to a further evolving mesh, which due to a suggestion from the Lansky family of Paderborn, discussed in Montreal, I call a Prepositional Operator mesh, of different orientation to the characterising mesh. This type of mesh is so called because it contains common or invented prepositional concepts XE "concepts" , like before/after or above/below, not necessarily, however, of dichotomous form but determining the domains of application of characterising concepts. PLEASE READ, AND REFER TO, THE CONTENT OF CHAPTER 11 . FOR THE SAKE OF CLEAR CONTINUITY, THIS, ESSENTIAL, MATERIAL IS DELIBERATELY DISPLACED, FROM THIS POSITION. (iv) Conversely, assume covariance, on the part of an observer. Essentially, this means that an observer may and must adopt differing points of view and perspectives. (v). However, at least one such point of view must be that of a participant XE "participant"  in the observed system XE "system" . That is fortunate, since it commits the observer. Without that status, namely, participant observer, it would neither be possible to garner meaningful information XE "information"  from the system, to interact with other actors XE "actors" , or to influence what takes place. (vi) In particular, it would neither be possible for an observer to understand the quality of amity XE "amity" , which we stress in 6.3., below, nor for the observer to foster its conservation XE "conservation"  and development. Such a catalytic activity, as recent events have amply demonstrated, is the main objective of observing at all. 6.3. AMITY GENERATION It make strike the reader as curious that a symbol ridden creature like myself should bother about amity XE "amity" , let alone assign it a position of primary significance. After all, as noted already, Maturana has the courage to call amity, the selfsame thing, by the more accurate name of love XE "love" . Neither Maturana nor I mean, falling in love XE "love" , although I write saleable lyrics for love songs, and maybe, so does he. I DO mean CARING, not in a mawkish way, characterised by ladies bountiful, but by bringing principles of up-to-date Cybernetics XE "Cybernetics"  and andragology XE "andragology"  to bear upon issues of societal concern, often with computing systems as very useful tools. Perhaps it is best to use one pertinent illustration, in order to demonstrate the generality. For this purpose, I shall use the abbreviation spelled out in Chapter 5, regarding the Bateson and Laing material, (Bateson, G, 1974, and Laing.R., (1961) It may be sufficient to say that A and B are not merely tags, neither that, nor is T just a tag for their evolving meshes XE "meshes" , seen from one point of view. Some development of this idea is propitious, of use and of value, at least in reminding us that we are, in fact, dealing with actors XE "actors"  who interact and their evolving meshes XE "meshes"  are BOTH themselves, however incarnated or embodied, and so are the ROLES they play in the courtly masque of life . The quality and quantity conserved and generated in this interaction XE "interaction"  is AMITY, or, if you prefer it, LOVE. Reduced, which it cannot really be, to formal terms, let Omega represent the coupling XE "coupling"  between the algorithmic, symbolic, descriptive aspects of an actor XE "actor"  and this actor's interpretative aspect. Clearly, all this presupposes an innate ability to be a participant XE "participant" , neither a disenminded body nor a disembodied mind. Clearly, also, it leads us into the domain of Lambda, the theta and lambda vectors of a participant and, a fortiori, an actor, expounded in Chapter 5. These, like Omega, are not truly calculable, (for example, as functions of intellectual performance and of physiological state), but we may approximate them after the event. All safety regulation rules, (permissible duty cycles and so on). are based upon such calculations, poverty stricken though they are. An attempt is made in Fig.31., to illustrate an A, B, interaction over T and an unrestricted one, that is, an interaction where A is learning about B, simpliciter, and, of course, vice versa. As a result of either process XE "process"  A and B may learn about a concept XE "concept"  of T, or of each other, more effectively, just insofar as their internal interactions produce or become part of an existing iso-inter-family. The manifest danger is that they coalesce, but the NO DOPPELGANGER edict, with the entire ENOUGH DISTINCTION to counter coherence, is usually sufficient to ensure this condition. However, system XE "system"  designers of organizations, in particular, should be on the lookout for this pitfall. Given these caveats, I maintain that the main PURPOSE of life is the generation and conservation XE "conservation"  of AMITY, or, if you will take it, of love XE "love" . 6.4. QUALITY OF AN INTERACTION XE "INTERACTION" . Another way of looking at Fig.31. is as follows, namely, to ask "What is the quality of an interaction XE "interaction" ", what, for example, do A and B get to know about T, or "What does A get to know about B, and vice versa??" The facile replies to these questions are that A's gain, in respect of TB, over an interval which should be associated with the complex Lambda XE "Lambda"  vector, but is written loosely, in the notation XE "notation"  of a interval t=1 to t=r, is Diff() Diff() where Diff stands for difference XE "difference"  and "" for composition, of some suitable kind. Similarly, for B, it is Diff() Diff() . The corresponding, less specific expressions, since a specific T is replaced by some event or events of interest to A and some event or events of interest to B, an interaction XE "interaction"  obtainable if and only if there is or is evolving some iso-inter-family to which these actors XE "actors"  belong is, for A Diff( Diff(), and, for B, simply Diff( Diff(). As a rough guide, it seems that Diff could be a subtractive quotient and "" could be a Lie Matrix XE "Lie Matrix"  operation, but I refer to Lefebrve, in particular, for more precise terms and also the notions of David Bohem, on implicate order and those of Kilminster and others in his recent Festschrift "Quantum Implications", also with notice of our discussion in Chapter 5. to Roger Penrose, in "The Emperors New Mind", (Penrose.R., 1989), for they and others are far more expert in matters which we shall discuss in the next volumes of our series. 6.5. ACTORS, COLLECTIIONS OF THEM, AND SOCIETIES. Conversation theory and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , even more so I.A.Theory, were put together with the intention of entire generality They are not intended as a universal XE "universal"  theory, because of certain moral and aesthetic qualms, expressed in a forthcoming publication, but they are intended to, and do adumbrate the personal, social, organizational and belief systems which exist. At this point, it is virtually mandatory to employ symbolism, much of which is depicted in Fig.32., 33, in order to show, for example, how actors XE "actors"  are more lucidly represented, how each "self" has at least one "other" and how it is a collection of actors differs from a society or an organization. It would be unbearably tedious to express these formal ideas in lengthy verbal terms, without the aid of a symbolic shorthand . Much of this is given in Fig-32.,33, enough to serve as an introduction to the next volume in our series. For instance, we need a constructible (not assumed, as axiomatic) "void XE "void" ", neither "0" nor the empty set, "{ }" together with a not void, or "something". We need concise and derivable signs for self, other, and society or organization, for a culture XE "cultures"  and a civilisation. Further, since each of these entities is represented by dynamic, evolving, meshes XE "meshes" , NOT, thank heaven, by arbitarily collected (even if useful) collations of nominal concepts XE "concepts" , (static as a cold collation of meats), we need to consider their unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  in various ways, amongst others, through the analogical relations XE "relations"  coherently unifying participants XE "participants"  and actors XE "actors"  alike. At this juncture it is essential to drum in the fact that unity is NOT uniformity which strikes me as an horrendous sludge in the bilges of a ship. Kindly, inspect Fig.32, 33, and the numerous captions. Having done so it will be evident that an actor XE "actor" , being a participant XE "participant" , is characterised by one or more meshes XE "meshes"  of, say, clockwise XE "clockwise"  orientation, by a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh XE "mesh"  of opposite orientation and an internal to the actor analogical mesh, all of which are evolving. By virtue of this, the actor is able to act, clearly to interact with other actors XE "actors" , through yet another analogical mesh of their transactions. But there could be just collations of actors, their meshes linked by some kind of analogy XE "analogy"  relation. If an unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , properly signatured, takes place in an actor XE "actor"  and if the actor linking meshes XE "meshes"  are such that the unfoldment has only local cyclicity XE "cyclicity" , then the actors XE "actors"  form a collection. We noted, much earlier, that unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  from participants XE "participants" , as from generalisations, are possible. If all unfoldments are of meshes, in A and in B, say, and the unfoldments passing from A to B and vice versa are of this type then the actors are animated but not orchestrated, self organising XE "self organising" , but not as part of a larger closure. If so, then they are just THAT, a collection. On the other hand, if some unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  are other-than-locally cyclic, on penetrating the linking analogy XE "analogy"  relations XE "relations" , between our paradigmatic A and B, then the actors XE "actors" , A and B form a SOCIETY, an organization, system XE "system"  of belief or whatever which is self organising XE "self organising"  and evolving in its own right. That is what makes social minds, cultures XE "cultures" , and civilisations interacting with each other and, of course, with actors as simple and unique participants XE "participants" . In fact, this is the world as we claim to know it today and in its genesis. 6.6. THE REPRESENTATION OF PROCESS XE "PROCESS" . If we had a state space XE "state space"  or a phase space XE "phase space" , then the microdynamics of mentation XE "mentation"  would be easy, for example a collection of possibly competing stable attractors (dynamic equilibria) could be equated with conceptual fixities (periodically engaged in or perverted by the cognitive dssonance of Leon Festinger). In contrast, a collection, of amongst them, chaotic attractors, XE "attractors"  possibly competing and co-operating, could be held responsible for all manner of creativity and innovation XE "innovation" , an urge to learn, explore, discover and the rest. That idea is clearly stated by Ashby, for example, and his axiomatic form of Cybernetics XE "Cybernetics"  as well as more recent representations in dynamic system XE "system"  theory (Ashby.R., 1956,). Upon a few occasions, we do encounter situations which may be represented in this manner. More often, over enthusiastic people SEEM to THINK they have such frameworks, but with little warrant. For example, are "motivation" and "extroversion" and "satisfaction" really represented by orthogonal co-ordinates XE "co-ordinates"  in Euclidean Space. I can see no other-than-arbitary, or possibly post hoc, justification for imagining that they are. Well, suppose we do NOT have a respectable state space XE "state space"  or phase space XE "phase space" , do we NEED one, in order to represent the gurgitations of mind?? My reply to this rhetorical question is, " probably not", since we DO have a process XE "process" /product complementarity XE "complementarity"  and a production XE "production" /reproduction comptementarity, set aside it. Just since THAT is so, and is augmented by conservation XE "conservation"  principles for coherence and diversity and action XE "action" , namely "boundary distinctions XE "distinctions" ", why not use these products XE "products" , the distinctions generated by conceptual processes, as the coordinates in which to represent mental and societal activity?? Implicitly we do so in a lot of science XE "science" , although it is often regarded as slightly deviant and under-the-counter to admit this fact. There are deeply entrenched, in their place by no means perverse attitudes in favour of maintaining a more-or-less traditional point of view and, obviously Lorenz Frames and the like are admirable if available to an observer. It would, however, be stupid to believe that drawing a line in Euclidean Space really represented a PROCESS XE "PROCESS" , since it really represents the PRODUCT XE "PRODUCT"  of that process XE "process" , which may be a faithful estimate of the process itself. In psychological and social affairs, there is seldom much choice. Either we are overtly phoney, adhering to Quasi Cartesian orthogonal scales which are, in fact, interttwined and knotted into bizarre contortions or we are honest and say that the products XE "products"  and complementarity XE "complementarity"  principles suffice to furnish a mode of representing what goes on in the minds of people and societies. Admittedly, we enter into a strange world, continually evolving but continually conserving all that has gone on, as fractal traces. It is, for all that a very beautiful world, at least insofar as I am able to glimpse it. This is one, of many matters, relegated to more extended discussion in a later volume. At this juncture, in this monograph, I can only make some cursory comments upon this matter. We are well aware that this is not the first occasion upon which the idea has been mooted, the only odd idea being the existence of a "void XE "void" ", as in Fig.33. within which the structure of complementary products XE "products"  of processes can assume the status of a skeletal coordinate system XE "system" . Previously, however, this possibility, although known, has been conveniently put aside, since it presents many mathematical XE "mathematical"  difficulties. We are aware, also, of these difficulties. For the most part they emanate from a predeliction for "kinetics XE "kinetics"  rather than for kinesis XE "kinesis" ", an understandable aversion, also, to departures from static frameworks that adequately adumbrate so much of classical science XE "science" . That reference frame is not, however, enough to support XE "support"  the arguments already sketched in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  and informationally open character of a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , his/her M-Individuation XE "M-Individuation"  as an actor XE "actor" , that a social organization, though not of entirely he/her quality has the same status and that an interaction XE "interaction"  of actors XE "actors"  MUST take place. Let us say, it is not enough unless one has been extremely lucky in choice of co-ordinates XE "co-ordinates"  and is content to deal with very specific instantiations of such organizations. In particular, a fixed reference frame, however complex and contorted, does not do justice to the evolution XE "evolution"  of a social system XE "system" . A main difficulty, the interknitting of societal and other events, is approached, descriptively, in Chapter-7. We have said, quite rigorously, what a SOCIETY is, in contrast to one or many of its participating actors XE "actors" . In Chapter 7. we point out that a society, like participants XE "participants"  and their interactions, evolves. It does so by a braiding of self-organising actors and interactions and the self-organization XE "self-organisation"  of symbolic cycles, rituals and the like, by virtue of which SOCIETAL evolution usually occurs. That, for example, is why some systems are viable systems. This fact may be expressed in the manner of Chapter 9., given great perspicacity in choosing the structural representation. It is maintained that the viability of an organization or society, a culture XE "cultures"  of a civilisation as may be, is more generally and flexibly expressed from the dynamic point of view expounded in this present monograph. I hasten to add, in many situations we have encountered in our work, further even in our own endeavours, we have come across several exceptions. In any case, both approaches are precise, well documented, and our own is far from sacrosanct. Fig.31.,Fig.32., Fig,33., Fig.34, in here. CHAPTER 7. INTERKNITTING, We have argued that &(Un XE "Un" (..... )) is conserved, at least in conscious states of mind. It gives rise to thought, often to language, so that actors XE "actors"  interact. We have also argued that sentient organisms, who are actors XE "actors" , are M-Individuated P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , having the properties of organizational closure and informational opennesss, further, that they evolve and must evolve as self organising XE "self organising"  systems. In this sense we distinguish between the evolution XE "evolution"  of a collection of (possibly) interacting actors and an organization, composed of actors who (must, not may), interact. On these grounds, an organization like a society, firm, or nation may evolve, (see, here, the Chapter 9. Note, on the work of Stafford Beer XE "Stafford Beer"  and his colleagues). We wish to show that viable organizations must, (not ony may), evolve. The approach is as follows, in terms of "interknitting" the oriented clockwise XE "clockwise"  and anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  cycles of conceptual process XE "process"  and distinction XE "distinction"  making, with them, alternating in orientation, are concept XE "concept"  applications and the application, to concepts XE "concepts" , of productive XE "productive"  and reproductive XE "reproductive"  operations. The entire system XE "system"  is organizationallyb closed and informationally-open XE "informationally-open" . Similarly, the &(Un XE "Un" (.... ))"-" and orthogonally directed, distinction crossing, cycles that are unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  penetrating a number of individual organisms or other units have this property. As shown, very crudely, in Fig.34., these also form an organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  and informationally open system, complementary to the + oriented cycles, proper to these individuals, further that they are also evolutionary XE "evolution"  as self organising XE "self organising"  systems in their own right. To complete this, admittedly outline, account we need only ask, on inspecting Fig.34, where is something equivalent, (in the unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  or" - " domain) to Con`, (in the +) domain. This is, perhaps, puzzling until we recall that the linking analogies XE "analogies"  are necessarily evolving by the generation of conflict and the resolution of conflict to produce analogy XE "analogy"  relations XE "relations" . From the resolution of these singularities XE "singularities" , necessarily taking place in the indefinite iteration of a non Iinear dynamics XE "non Iinear dynamics"  enough variety XE "variety"  is generated to furnish a satisfactory reply to this question. It is not supposed that this is the only source of productive XE "productive"  and reproductive XE "reproductive"  operations in the "- "domain of unfoldments XE "unfoldments" , in fact, such a state of affairs is very unlikely. The point being made is, simply, this one. It is a sufficient reply to guarantee that viable organizations must and do have an independent evolutionary XE "evolution"  mechanism, complementary to that of the subsystems which form their elements. In practice, this is most readily seen, so far as memory goes, in the repetitions instigated by bards, repeated by youngsters in nursery rhymes, in long told tales, all of which are grossly imaged as being organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed" , in a societal closure, in Fig.34. But, of course, the reproduction of memory is, also, productive XE "productive" , as in the persistence as well as the development of folk myths, of cultures XE "cultures" , of civilisations; one route being architectural, tangible but symbolic, the other, under the "-" tag of unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , in the rites and rituals enacted within the Acropolis or at Delphi; there are myriads of others, not only in the Hellenic World but in Civilisations as far apart, geographically, as China, India, Mexico, Persia and those innumerable worlds before history. They are readily accessible, irony again, since I have expressed doubts about our standard and stolidly temporal XE "temporal"  interpretation of history. The re-living, to which I subscribe more enthusiastically, goes on, even-today, even next door, with the Morris Dancers or the Commedia del Arte, progenitor of pantomime. I give one exemplar of how this organizational closure is not only homeostatic XE "homeostatic" , self stablisimg, but informationally open, productive XE "productive"  and self organisiing. It comes from New Guinea where Roy Rappaport did most of the fieldwork but was substatially supported by both Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, previously refd. In a certain region, through which the Australian Government, with the best intentions, drove a high-road through the dense-forest to the coast. In that land, there live a people called the Tsembaga. This culture XE "cultures" , with a priesthood and antiquity of their own, is neccesarily divided into some 15 or 25 tribes, since subsistence depends upon the cultivation of "gardens" in the forest, where it is possible to maintain horticulture and also, in a double way, upon the existence but not dominance of wild boars. Their very life depends upon a ritual cycle, ornamented by myths or maybe half recalled facts. All this is "symbolic", which is well understood, although in somewhat different terms, by the priesthood, as also being essentially homeostatic XE "homeostatic" , to maintain, under varying climatic and agricultural conditions, an appropriate balance between wild pigs and people and the territories cultivated as gardens. The cycle begins with the planting of a Rumbim, a sort of overgrown carrot, and any family belongs to the tribe with whom it is planted, accompanied by massive ceremony. At this stage, some wild boars, (as later), remain and they, together with the ladies of the tribe who, traditionally, undertake most of the agricultural labour, use the boars to root around as agricultural implements. This regimen, depending upon the climate and fertility of the cleared forest land or garden, goes on for a number of years. Eventually, however, the herd size of boars increases, until it becomes evident that the ladies are feeding the boars by their labour, more than their gentlemen or the ladies, themselves. In the meanwhile, the gentlemen have not been idle. They have travelled, at some hazard in the densely forested countryside, they have traded and formed allegiances with other tribes, often at a distance. They have obtained objects, like jeeps or sturdy trucks, of great value. But when, eventually, the ladies are manifestly working to feed their agricultural implements, (the pigs), they utter a feedback signal, in the form of a kind of moaning sound, pardon the expression but, having heard it, I can think of no better and the term is not intended in a pejorative manner. It is, however, one essential component in the ritual cycle, regarded as homeostatic XE "homeostatic"  or balance preserving. It leads, in various rather complicated stages, to the erection of a ritual fence, a fragile wooden structure, and to the slaughter of most of the pig herd. On the one hand, the pig meat serves as about the only source of high grade protein, with the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine that are essential to humans, especially the human brain. But that need being satisfied, the rest of the meat is preserved by a process XE "process"  akin to the salting of fish. Journeying and trading is accelerated and those tribes who are allied to the tribe upon which we have focused our attention, by dint of friendly trading and the like, are ritually handed out portions of the preserved pig meat. There are festivities and jollifications, chants and incantations galore. They go on whilst the rickety ritual fence rots away, until it is no longer a fence. That is followed by a ritual conflict, not a real conflict for people are seldom hurt. It is resolved, invariably, by the planting of a rumbim, the big carrot, but it has many resolutions for, let us recall, those with whom a family plants the rumbim are members of the tribe with whom they plant it. That, of course, depends upon the fertility of the ground which is occupied by a tribe. So, although the ritual cycle has served its homeostatic XE "homeostatic"  purpose of maintaining a balance between people and pigs and territory, (a classical case of homeostasis, as social anthropologists are inclined to call it. Surely they did so when I first heard of it, in the very early 1960s at the Wenner Gren foundation in New York). This ritual also serves as a source of variety XE "variety" , which renders the Tsembaga culture XE "cultures"  a civilisation, organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  and informationally open and self organising XE "self organising" . For the tribe to which you belong, with whom you plant this curious vegetable, the rumbim, has the fertile territory needed to sustain you. There is a tribal and territorial redistribution, restructuring, rejuvenation and 1 am very disinclined to believe that affections, emotions, symbols, recollections garnered by association or by trading expeditions, lack a significant, often determining, position in this process XE "process" . I am no expert in anthropology, (but do have a moderately sensitive perception of peoples beliefs and dispositions). I am sure that, whilst a very tangible, climatically influenced, self organization XE "self organisation"  is at work, there is also a symbolic, purely societal, self organization of as great, or of even greater importance. I see a reflection of such a picture, a richly woven fabric of the concrete and the symbolic, acting, if needs be, on their own but, far more often, in concert, especially when it come to our own processions and parades and palaces and potentates. I see them in the corporate rituals which, like it or not, make a firm a firm or a factory, in that firm, a factory (see, here, the note on Beer et al). My only disagreement XE "disagreement" , not with Stafford Beer XE "Stafford Beer" , far from it, but with a sprinkling of his dilutors and imitators, is that some of them seem to suppose that such rituals may be prescribed, like cough syrup, rather than allowed to grow. As a Catholic, (in the broadest sense of that term, mixed with a certain disdain for partiality in respect of true faith), I SHOULD not, as a Cybernetist, (with assurance in his preachings and writings), I COULD not, in FACT, I simply DO not see an iota of difference XE "difference"  between the dynamic, all pervasive, immutable modi operandi, exemplified in this book and those which are deemed to be biological, ecological, international, or intergalactic, or interuniversal in their domain of interpretation. My exposition may have been inadequate, even impoverished. Yet it is and remains my firm conviction that the underlying principles are those of genuine societal evolution XE "evolution" , that if and only if we adhere to them, not by flag waving and such nonsense but by doing, may we make our own civilisations survive. If that much can be achieved, then, we, inhabitants of a universe so ordained will evolve, ourselves, into flora and fauna of unimaginable beauty. CHAPTER 8. AN INTERMEDIATE SUMMARY. I do NOT claim to have explained the often very elusive, often complex and consequently, most often neglected ideas that are listed below. On the other hand, I DO claim that, in concert with the groups severally cited, it has been possible to delineate the conditions surrounding their occurrence and to demonstrate their character, at least, in part. Chapters 9, 10, and 11, are, also, essential reading to butress the argument presented, placed where they are for ease of exposition, only. In a few cases, such as a proper and formal distinction XE "distinction"  between a collection of people, or of people in aggregate, in a family, in a society, organization, division of such a thing or a culture XE "cultures" , it has been possible to give a useful and believed-to-be original precise definition. The same comment applies, in lesser degree, to the matter of awareness and the awareness shared between participants XE "participants" , namely, consciousness XE "consciousness" . At very least, we have not avoided the issue (which is to avoid all real discussion of mind, thought, social organization and the like) and have contrived to surround the phenomenon (the fundamental reality of life), by those conditions that lead to consciousness, that lead to its disappearance and to its incessant fluctuation. To some slight extent, we have examined its quality and also its quantification, a more difficult matter, since it entails the particularities and niceties of meaning XE "meaning" . The contents of Table. 1. are set out as substantiated, as they are in referenced publications. Those of Table.2. are issues to be judged, in the light of this and other volumes in the series, by the reader. One main intention of this book has been to delineate an "Interaction of Actors", or I.A. XE "I.A." , theory; to compare it and contrast it with the existing or updated forms of "Conversation Theory XE "Conversation Theory" ", of C.T XE "C.T" . and to extend the protologic or protolanguage, Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , in order to accommodate the gamut of them. One pointer is that whereas conversations can usually be said to have a detectable start XE "start"  and finish XE "finish" , interactions between actors XE "actors"  do not allow the theoretician this luxury. But there is far more to it than that, for example the evolution XE "evolution" , in I.A. theory XE "I.A. theory" , rather than the assumption, commonly made in C.T., of an iso-inter-family amongst the participants XE "participants" . In particular, it has been neccessary to expose the ubiquity of conflict, to sustain distinction XE "distinction"  and unity rather than uniformity in a world governed by coherence; more poignantly, the resolution of conflict, mostly manifest as ambiguity, by the creation of analogy XE "analogy"  in a fundamentally dynamic world. In doing so, it proved essential to address the matter of analogical forms, not only the unambiguously ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  but also the ambiguously ambiguous. These resolutions led to forms that were, in crude chemical metaphor XE "metaphor" , tautomeric and resonant. As we now discover in the physical, chemical, and biological sciences that any aggregate, even the unambiguously ambiguous, may be fruitfully viewed within this framework and the significance of this finding is utterly fundamental, whether at the rough grain of discourse chosen or at much greater depth. The fact is, if we neglected meaning XE "meaning" , which I have no intention whatsoever of doing, it would be possible to erect a very prettified quantum mechanics of mind, and of thought, as tensors on its manifold. This approach is entirely legitimate in physics XE "physics" , say, where particles or superstrings XE "superstrings" , quark XE "quark" -gluon  XE "gluon " -plasmas XE "plasmas"  or whatever of the same KIND can be regarded as the SAME, that is, if unlike a few event based theorists, we include thought events amongst other elementary events. This, of course, is what thwarts any genuine endeavour to erect the quantum dynamics XE "dynamics"  of mind and thought. For here, thank heaven, we do have to deal with the manifest differences XE "differences"  induced by meaning and reflected, at the macrodynamical scale, of socio psycho-dynamics, by the difference XE "difference"  between unity and uniformity, of conserved dynamic coherence and difference. There are many other points raised in this book, concerning the ossature of both I.A. XE "I.A."  theory and C.T XE "C.T" . They include, for example, the now definitive characterisation of a person, a mental organism, a culture XE "cultures"  or a nation or organization as a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , not as disembodied but M-Individuated or incarnated in any feasibly dynamic fabric. The interaction XE "interaction"  between the P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  as one entity and the M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  as another, related, entity is of crucial importance . The reader may justly assert that this critical question has been merely skirted around, but so he or she may do of other questions. My excuse is that the book has a limited length, however other volumes are to follow on. Even so, just as the first act of a musical play must have a finale which lays emphasis upon at least one important part of the story and serves to bring the audience back, anticipating what is to come after the interval, this monograph, must do the same. I have chosen to lay emphasis, in the first act finale, upon one point which, in a sense, epitomises many others, namely, this one. It is the not-deliberately-hidden secret behind the work of Bateson, Laing, Mead, Anatol Rapaport and Roy Rapoport although, so far as I know, they did not state it with the rigour and precision it deserves and, in practice, requires. If an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  mesh XE "mesh" , relating the characterising and Omega-designated-but analogy XE "analogy" -link-coupled meshes XE "meshes"  of any number of actor XE "actor"  participants XE "participants"  is but locally cyclic, then the participants may engage in transactions, using those mechanisms which have been discussed. They form a collection of participants, in some kind of proximity. On the other hand, if any unfoldment XE "unfoldment"  of this linking Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  mesh XE "mesh"  has other-than-local cyclicity XE "cyclicity" , the actors XE "actors"  interact as a FAMILY, a SOCIETY, a NATION, an ORGANIZATION (see Fig.31. and Fig.32.) in which actors cooperate and work together, maybe FOR but not ONLY for, their wage packets. This is a phase change phenomenon, not unlike crystallisation. It is a phenomenon of the utmost significance in the participatory design of social support XE "support"  systems and, it is conjectured, of many other systems. In fact, I suspect that the subtle catalysis of this transformation lies, as the fundamental principle, at the roots of "therapy", of "social-and-industrial organization" and many other matters of immediate and pressing importance. It lies on a par with the conservation XE "conservation"  and increase of amity XE "amity" , of love XE "love"  in an-other-than trivial sense, which is why we may seek justification for the effort expended in performing this beneficially catalytic legerdemain. The evolution XE "evolution"  of a society, for example, has been exemplified by but one culture XE "cultures" , namely the Tsembaga of New Guinea. It should have been, to be strict about it, exemplified by many more, such as the Cargo Cultures or our own or those of the Americas, the middle, and the far east. Further, their necessarily varied and various histories should have been brought into the picture, as should our own mixture of organizations, in a search for harmony in place of disparity. My only excuse for this neglect, if excuse it be, is an attempt to truncate this monograph volume as succinctly as possible. CHAPTER 9, AN IMPORTANT NOTE ON BEER.S.et al, A VIABLE SYSTEM MODEL. Stafford Beer XE "Stafford Beer" , whom I met many years ago, prior to the 1958, N.P.L. symposia, is an old and valued friend and colleague. So, also, is Raoul Espejo, one of his main collaborators and innovative developers of the "viable system XE "system" " model XE "model" , in the U.K. (Beer.S,1979 and Beer.S,1981) amongst other publications. It looks, often seems as though the "Viable System" model XE "model"  is poles apart from my own image of the social, organizational and national systems that have been amongst our cheif concerns in this monograph. It appears almost as though they were rivals, which they are not. On the contrary, these models, often actualities, are different perspectives taken upon the same thing, an organization as an organism. I do not intend to dwell upon the viable system XE "system"  model of Beer et al,( for it is clearly exposed in the referenced works). On the other hand, it is based upon an existing structure, an anatomical structure, if you like, and, of course, a structure which evolves. In contrast, the models and actualities which are set out in this monograph are physiological or immunological, as a comparable metaphor XE "metaphor"  and the processes entailed build the anatomical constraints around these functional and living systems. Personally I prefer this method, as being less reliant upon a perfection of anatomy. The viable system XE "system"  methodology may, however, appear more familiar to some managers, its subtelties emerging gradually, as it is applied. On the other hand these methods both work to give viable systems, organizations that are organisms. Which one is better than the other, if either one or the other is, must depend upon context and the predelections of the practitioners involved. By token of this, the prescient theses of Robinson M. and Robb. Fenton, bear witness to the reality of discourse between organizations and societies, whichever one or other or both you prefer to employ. I DO maintain, however, that "viable system XE "system" " theory and "C.T XE "C.T" .,Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" , and I.A. XE "I.A." " theory stand out, it is no accident that they do so because they are foundationally Cybernetic in type, as competent and very general if not universal XE "universal"  theories, against a background of badly considered, pretentious and often meaningless general theories, greatly publicised and advertised by empty rhetoric. In no way is this, unusually acid, comment intended as a criticism of those, often elegant, theories which are more specifically addressed and of which there are many, take Braaten's "Dialogic", or Lefebreve's "Algebra of Conscience" or Matturana and Varela's "Autopoesis" as instances where the scope has been deliberately restricted, as Ashby deliberately restricted Axiomatic Cybernetics XE "Cybernetics" . As to Von Foerster's "Self Organization", that is a principle, a theory too, which encompasses a large postbag of the lot, general or specific. So let us concentrate our gaze, once more, upon the general type of theory, in particular that of all viable systems. I can only end this inadequately brief chapter on the following anecdote, which is not apocryphal. I last met Stafford at our club, in London. Just before that, however, I came across him at one of his homes in Toronto, Canada. At that particular moment, when he was planning to show me some of his devout murals, housed and painted in an upstairs room, he was relaxing, as is his wont, downstairs. Physical relaxation, obviously, demands a sitting posture. He was sitting upon a Buckminster Fuller type octahedral tensegrity, all sticks and strings XE "strings" , the latter more conveniently replaced by elastic elements for the purposes of assembly and display. It was intended to demonstrate managerial articulation in, I believe, Montevideo. In principle, the more you tension the thing, the more, due to its distributive properties, do you secure its rigidity. The practice, behind this valid principle, does depend upon the elastic. But, as Mike Ben Eli observed, many years past, a tensegrity, or tensionally integral structure, is an organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  system XE "system" , informationally open, viable system and an organism. I believe in that statement, of course, and so does Stafford, much heavier than I. He sat harder and harder, I had my doubts about the elastic, not the principles, yet he had none. That shows courage, in minuscule form, but in your convictions which transcend mere erudition, even though they often connive, hand-in-hand. I know of many, more dramatic exemplifications of this precious quality, but, at this moment, they are not for general publication. CHAPTER 10. A VERY SHORT ELUCIDATION OF THE MEANING OF CONCEPTUAL RESONANCE IN ACTORS, INTERACTIONS AND IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. In Chapter 5., Section IX, (2)., I appealed to the reader that he or she should consult this truly ESSENTIAL Chapter. Its contents, if embedded in a lengthier work, might have been spelled out at that point but, also, they would have been likely to interrupt the flow of the argument, in a deliberately terse manuscript. In writing this chapter, I shall probably be accused of purveying "Mental Chemistry" or some such heinous crime. Unless you accept the arguement metaphorically, the accusation would have some rectitude but, even if you do not, it contains a grain of truth. I am not too ashamed of that, for my atoms are not at all particulate, they are to be variously, without exception dynamically, interpreted. They are concepts XE "concepts" , but there is no REAL base concept XE "concept" , no minimal thing apart from that chosen by, better still MADE in the interaction XE "interaction"  with some observer as a convenient straw-filled-homunculus. Neither a base entity, nor a highest entity, for the entire system XE "system"  is multiply and concurrently XE "concurrent"  recursive. However, the questions raised in Chapter 5. and in Chapter-6., with their topologically derived images, best shown in dynamic graphics and later on, interactive graphics (the former, an animation of 3.D. Euclidean projections, immitating reality), the latter in interactive animations, shown, interactively, upon a flat screen. That much is immediate, at this moment, but soon enough in should be enhanced by holographic projections of habitable and interactive virtual realities, (all of which are technically possible and realised, at least in prototype form, with rather minimal restrictions upon their tangible implementation). Let me attempt an answer to these questions in terms of quantum chemistry, but please recognise that I am all too well alive to the fact that primitive, although useful pictures, like "electron clouds" represent not just little billiard ball electrons but the eigenvalues of the Schrodigger Wave Equation, or, for that matter, the non linear forms in which the "Soliton Impulse", a wave packet approximation to the information XE "information"  preseving impulse in the non-linear-domain, of the Sine/Cosine/wave is information preserving, in the linear domain . If you accept my reasoning, with respect to the inadequacies, for our purposes, of state spaces and phase spaces, then we must go a step further and, in that case, into perverse kinds of superstrings XE "superstrings"  or, as an alternative, of quark XE "quark"  and gluon  XE "gluon "  plasmas XE "plasmas" , or further still. This world, even this one which is perceived as a minute part of conception, contains more, far more, than the mind can imagine, let alone think of. Let us return, momentaily, to Fig.27. and the various Fig.28., all displayed as part of Chapter 5. Here, the partially explicated is exposed. Continuing, to scrutinise Fig.29. and ambiguous XE "ambiguous"  ambiguity the inadequacy becomes evident. For, after all, these structures, as well as stable collective and distributive structures MUST be of the SAME kind, if only because they all evolve, together. Here, I recapitulate, in chemical terms, a comparable conundrum. Tautomerism was recognised around the turn of the century, if not before. It is exemplified by the dynamic equilibrium shown, in classical formulation, by a dynamic equilibrium between molecular types (aceto-acetic-ester, is the classical exemplar).. It was, perhaps, because of this that Kekule's proposed structure, of oscillating double and single (covalent) carbon bonds for C6H6, the benzene ring and its curiously high stability, gained acceptance and has been of immense usefulness in the synthesis of many, but not all, aromatic compounds, that is those such as benzene, napthalene and anthracene, with the characteristic ring structure, (today,extended to any such structures of many carbon atoms). It was probably Kekule's insight which first caught up with the idea that his own, prescient and valuable, formulation lacked complete validity. There are some sketches, at least, which point to this conclusion. Instead of a mere tautomerism, there was a distribution, if you will tolerate the crude image, of electron clouds, rho-triple hydrogen p-bonded, or so called pi-bonded, to absorb the remaining six electrons which, it turns out in classical notation XE "notation" , are distributed over the orbitals of a pair or more of carbon atoms, lying on either side of a nearly linear 6 carbon molecule which is highly resilient to addition reactions but open to substitution reactions. These properties, enhanced by modern but more obscure nomenclature, pervade chemistry. They pervade, for example, the alkene and akelyne groups, the ammonium, oxonium ions and radicals, in varying degree simple compounds like ethylene or methyl chloride, although in different ways. But, excepting by well attested and empirically confirmed metaphor XE "metaphor" , we are not speaking as chemists, but as Cybernetists, as Prof.Felgett calls us, rightly so. I have simply chosen chemistry as a middle ground, familiar to many. But I believe, although hesitate to assert, that these principles, of distribution and the like, are universal XE "universal" . When speaking of a resonant entity, we have changed our language, as de Zeeuw insists, in a very fundamental way. For example, malgre lui, the benzene molecule is a different kind of entity to the molecules I was taught about with balls and sticks for valencies, it MUST be and is, at very least, a resonance XE "resonance"  hybrid and so must the others. Today, of course, it is much more, though the hybrid construction remains of practical value, as depicted below, and so, of course, MUST the images evolve. INSET HERE. Fig.35. Captions. (a). Tautomerisim, aceto acetic ester in keto and in enol forms.(b). Benzene Kekule Resonance, (c)., electron clouds, (d),shorthand forms., aromatic benzene resonance XE "resonance" . (e ). Napthalene, (f)., Anthracene.. (g). Methylene-Dioxy-Amphetamine, an interesting double ring molecule, one ring resonance stabilised. But, of course, we are not dealing with molecular resonance XE "resonance" , or the stabilisation with which resonance endows the molecule. Rather, we are speaking of conceptual resonance, (alias, analogy XE "analogy" ), and the stability it gives to a conceptual structure. A Fortiori, this is the case for the fundamental analogies XE "analogies"  of agreement XE "agreement"  and agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" , (the similarity term) between participants XE "participants" , A and B, say, (their differences XE "differences"  constituting the difference XE "difference"  term), and the inherent generalisation being the resonance itself. We should all have known this, early in the 1970s. In far too vague a manner, we sensed it as the rationale for the WHAT, HOW, and WHY XE "WHY"  Questions and Replies which, empircally, signified UNDERSTANDING (as in Fig.2.). In a sense, I think that all of our group apprehended this essential fact. But I must take the blame, if blame there be, for an overemphasis upon empirics, to the detriment, perhaps, of a deeper philosophical and scientific examination of the processes that are involved. These points are utterly crucial, at any rate to a proper comprehenssion of C.T XE "C.T" ./Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" ,/ I.A. XE "I.A." , theories. All analogies XE "analogies"  are resonance XE "resonance"  based, the most fundamental being the analogy XE "analogy"  of agreement XE "agreement"  or agreement to disagree XE "agreement to disagree" , generating concept XE "concept"  sharing and distinction XE "distinction"  between participants XE "participants" , A and B. Such resonance phenomena also account for the resilience of an understanding XE "understanding" , whether between participants housed within one brain, or between several people or communities or firms or societies. It is possible to regard them as a very extended form of Petri XE "Petri" -like synchronicity XE "synchronicity" , that which occurs in discourse when the radiation, emitted into an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  field by A, say, if A unfolds his/her mental repetoire under the focal thought created by "Un XE "Un" " is in harmony with that of B, when he/she unfolds a conceptual, mental, repetoire under "Un". It is not at all unlike, in fact it is very like, molecular resonance XE "resonance" , once you notice, as Von Foerster and Glanville, amongst many others do, that there could be no A and B to interact in the absence of an observer, WITH whom they INTERACT, that is, a participant XE "participant"  observer. For convenience and clarity, call this participant observer "C", and note that from the "C" point of view the conceptual orientation of A must be that, also, of B. It matters not whether this conceptual orientation is clockwise XE "clockwise"  or anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise" , but to C they must be the same. Hence, resonance or local synchronicity of in-phase oscillations, radiating into an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  field make sense. Conversely, as discussed in the next Chapter 11., specific kinds of action XE "action"  take place if unfoldments XE "unfoldments" , themselves trains of thought, are of opposite orientation, both for A and for B. This, in my view, is the most lucid way of distinguishing XE "distinguishing"  conversation XE "conversation"  and action XE "action" . They are, of course, mingled and there are other ways of rendering the differentiation XE "differentiation" , for example, transactions at a distance, for "conversation", even communication and proximal motion, for "action". But all of these run into difficulties, or are liable to do so and I prefer the ontological commitment, forced upon us by prepositional operators and more fully exposed, below. I would be amongst the first to accept the accusation that these ideas are simple, but hard to grapple with, (Gerard might find them easy, I do not), for versed in mathematics XE "mathematics"  and the social sciences and their praxis, they probably come to him with little effort apart from wielding a pencil stub over their written exposition. For my part, I do find these notions difficult and this FIRST volume in our joint series is MY responsibility XE "responsibility" , (hopefully not too deviant from our general theme), composing our joint series of volumes which have been written or are becoming. In the next Chapter, that is Chapter 11., I do my best to make clear a conundrum which plagued Vygotsky and others. The conundrum, the riddle, for logicians the dilemma or the multilemma with inadequately defined antecedents, the classical connective "or" and a potentially indefinite number of "consequences", both number and value inadequately defined, may, I maintain, be resolved by the notion of a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator" . CHAPTER 11. PREPOSITIONAL OPERATORS. I implored you, in Chapter 6..2. Section (iii), to examine Chapter 11., this one. It deals with prepositional operators, unlike prepositions, per se, which have a largely syntactic and at most impoverished, semantic interpretation. In contrast, I have coined the neologism of "prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator" " to designate a preposition like term, first suggested by Ms Lansky and her Father, when they visited my Institute, in Montreal, which carries a semantic and pragmatic and intention along with it . All prepositions, for that matter all "prepositional operators" have, of course, a very sound and practical utility, notably in natural language, as it is understood in context. Thus, in language, all terms such as in/out, or above/below are direction indicators, when, explicitly or implicitly they are associated with verbs, in phrases such as "let us go in/let us go out" or stay"in/out", or phrases like "let us get above/below the milling crowd, perhaps by going to another cafe", or, in context, by leaping onto an airship or descending to a lower floor. So, and this is not always recognised, prepositions have adverbial and adjectival qualifiers, as well, unless you are obsessively formal in your employment of language. However, if you are, then there is a purist tendency to regard prepositions as signposts, pointing nowhere in particular. That is why I pondered upon that discussion in Montreal with Prof.Dr.Lansky and his Daughter, knowing it to be of interest . It was, however, only recently that I realised that it made repartee to the riddle, significant in I.A. XE "I.A."  theory, of the differences XE "differences"  cleaving thought, language, and action XE "action" , intentioned action. We knew that such an enigma existed; for example to slap you on the back, is surely an action, friendly or not, its friendship or otherwise determining the accidental, affectionate or malevolent intention which is linguistically involved. It is not an action at a distance, that is assured by its necessary proximity. On the other hand, if I place a Semtex bomb and radio detonantor beneath your motor car, explode it, whilst you are en route, from half a mile away, is that an action. It certainly contains the linguistic component of not liking you, or being hired to annihilate you, but it is an act at a distance, abhorred by many exponents of aether like theories. All of thought, speech or language, emerge from the chasms of mentation XE "mentation" , those inscrutable domains of intellect. Speech, language of any modality is disseminated in a field. The domain, the ontology of this field, is intellect and intellect beyond itself, so that action XE "action"  at a distance and not at a distance are intellectually identified, unlike the electromagnetic aether, where the billiard balls or bacskslaps, with which it is filled, must bang against one another, as on the ideal snooker table. Because of this its domain is indefinite and ineluctable, unfathomable. Mainly due to this fact, 1 use the term "prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator" " to give a semantic, an ontology, and also an intention to actions. I may think, even speak", of killing you", or "vaunting you", yet, usually I do not. On the contrary I may kill you, or applaud you IN the town hall at a certain moment, and do so, or IN the theatre, and do so, more the pity. But that, in the unpleasant extreme, is ACTION XE "ACTION" . It is so, merely because the preposition has become a prepositional operator, bearing its ontological commitment, with it. A very specific commitment, for it is not any town hall or any theatre where. the action XE "action"  takes place. Such concepts XE "concepts"  as these, benevolent or malicious, carry a very specific domain and codomain along with them. The prepositional operator is that which gives to concepts marked by the may of "Ap XE "Ap" " the must of "&", that they ARE, not just MAY be applied to whatever domain and codomain is specified by the prepositional operator concerned. At this stage, I find a little repetition helpful, for it props up an otherwise hard-to-grasp notion. In the hope that others will also find use for it, the recapitulation is included in the text. Mind, the body of mentation XE "mentation" , is represented by a repetoire of oriented processes, signed, alternately, as clockwise XE "clockwise"  or anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  in orientation. A conservation XE "conservation"  principle ordains that mind exists, in other words that at least some "+" processs, are marked Ap XE "Ap" (Con) and thus applicable over the ensemble of any participant XE "participant" , whatsoever, and have the property of recursion, of existence, of eating their own tails rather than dissapearing into the void XE "void" , and, if applied, creating distinctions XE "distinctions"  as their carapaces. In order that this be so, then there must be an anticlockwise flux, of type "con", peculiar to a participant indexed Z XE "Z" , these "Cons" say, are of "anticlockwise" orientation, assuming that "clockwise" has been chosen as the orientatin, also +, of whatever is called a concept XE "concept"  in the Z ensemble. A Con* XE "Con*"  is merely a designator, acting upon any or all Z concepts XE "concepts" , to produce and incidentally to reproduce Z concepts, it may, by its nature, be called memory, in Von Foerster's sense of dynamic recomputation and it may give rise to novel, creative, entities; commonly so in dreams, less commonly, perhaps, in daydreams. However, as my first caveat, it is not the ONLY genesis of creativity. As my next caveat, which, think about it, helps to resolve Lewin's GENIDETITY invariance, it is not STORAGE but RECOMPUTATION which preserves identity. A further conservation XE "conservation"  principle, marked "-", determines an orthogonal process XE "process" , penetrating some distinctions XE "distinctions"  and enlivening at least some of the concepts XE "concepts"  in any mental ensemble, marking them "Ap XE "Ap" ", so that they may be applied, a Petri XE "Petri" -type Permissive-logic. Any Ap(Con) is able to exhibit its distinction XE "distinction" , its product, and the train of "-" or "Un XE "Un" " operations will seek out further concepts in its neighbourhood, that is, in this case, concepts held together by an anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  "+" force XE "force"  (since we opted to give the orientation "clockwise XE "clockwise" " to those Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  quantal entities with meaning XE "meaning" ). This conserved "-" force is known as directed thought, being directed from some origin or focal concept XE "concept"  into its neighbourhoods, all of this being, (substantially) a repetition of the images and the words of Chapter 5. and of Chapter 6. If one or more trains of "-" forces impinge upon a concept XE "concept" , then it is thought of from the point of view of the focal origin, a concept which, in this case, although an opposite choice is equally valid, we have opted to take as "clockwise XE "clockwise" " oriented and THIS is the important point, the orthogonal "-" train of thought,"Un XE "Un" ", carries this orientation signature with it. Hence, no matter how many "Un-" unfoldments XE "unfoldments"  impinge upon a concept, it is enlivened, revealing its distinctive product in the intellectual domain of perception, by emitting conceptually quantised radiation into the Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  field. This is by no means a uniquely original statement, incidentally. I first heard it mooted by Fransisco Varela, in the context of somewhat different unfoldments of "categpry-theoretic" but, all the same, "mesh XE "mesh" -like" structures which he and Joe Goguen were constructing, in a meeting, at the Green Gulch Zen Buddist monastery, North of San Fransisco, a meeting about reality. No aether is needed, electromagnetic or not, only orthogonality, as in the electrical and magnetic components of an electromagnetic field and, here, represented by "+" and "-". On the other hand I have posited, nay asserted, the existence of a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh XE "mesh" , in addition to the one or more meshes XE "meshes"  which characterise a participant XE "participant" , further one or more linking analogy XE "analogy"  meshes. We did so, in specifying an actor XE "actor"  as a participant, an MIndividuated type of P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , hence able to conserve if not evolve amity XE "amity"  or love XE "love" . Recall, please, that an analogy may be symmetric or invertive with respect to its unfoldments XE "unfoldments" . To do so, we simply follow the tube like process XE "process" , however contoted and twisted, until we have no further to go, we meet the impenetrabllle boundary of a different neighbourhood, until that, we enliven, make applicable, the concepts XE "concepts"  encountered so that they may display, upon application, their characteristic bounds and distinctions XE "distinctions" . How is it that, under this essential constraint or enlivenement, of amity conservation XE "conservation" , (for it is both), how is it that we may distinguish thought and language of ANY kind or modality, from the actions of suicide, genocide, fraternity, building, or wanton destruction. This is a question, a very important one, over which I have pondered and agonised for very many years. Yet the reply is terribly simple, once you trouble to think and knit the superficially disparate bits-and-pieces together. The reply is shown, crudely and imperfectly, in Fig.36. INSERT HERE. Fig.36 It is that the MECHANISM of intention, its character being ineffable, is THIS. If you intend to think, then you do NOT unfold from a concept XE "concept"  in the prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh XE "mesh" , or meshes XE "meshes" . Hence, you THINK by unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , or unfoldments XE "unfoldments" , which bear the same clockwise XE "clockwise"  or anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise"  signature, impinging upon and more or less highly enlivening a number of concepts XE "concepts" , rendering them applicable as a result of that. If, on the other hand, you intend to ACT, then you DO. If so, as shown in Fig.36., then some concepts XE "concepts" , with "Ap XE "Ap" " tags, are also given "&" tags and ARE applied, as actions, in the domain and codomain ordained by the prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator" , which, unlike a pure preposition, carries an ontology with it. But how could all this come about, the joint impinging of "clockwise XE "clockwise" " and "anticlockwise XE "anticlockwise" " orientation signatured unfoldments XE "unfoldments" , hence, the cancellation of orientation, physics XE "physics"  calls it spin, and the result being an action XE "action" . Well, (a). Because a linking analogy XE "analogy"  mesh XE "mesh"  preserves "+" and "-" it can, and from a prepositional operator XE "prepositional operator"  mesh, it does, invert the signature of orientation, but some caution is needed, to make certain that your signs AND orientation signatures XE "signatures"  are BOTH properly assigned and, (b). If the prepositional operator mesh is, in itself, the category of difference XE "difference"  terms ONLY in the topologically adjacent ANALOGICAL universe, the generalisation term pointing to the action operator, &, in this monograph. The claim of this theory is that thought accompanies action XE "action" , that whenever there is action there is thought, directed from some concept XE "concept"  in the conceptual repertoire of an an actor XE "actor"  as represented in the evolving mesh XE "mesh"  of the P Indivuated part of an actor, namely an M Individuated P Individual. Usually the thought precedes action XE "action" , as in rational action. But the obvious occurence of misconceived action, accidental (I stub my toe) or reflex like action appears to refute the theory or part of it. I contend strongly and state that it does not, on grounds which have been spelled out carefully, namely: The care taken in requiring a process XE "process"  rate in either the "+" oriented processes of mentation XE "mentation"  and the "-" oriented, orthogonal process of unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , manifest as directed thought, and I question the Newtonian linear mapping of temporality as a general notion, however useful a notion it undoubtedly is. On the possibly more familiar basis of (a), it is entirely possible that the rate of application of a concept XE "concept"  (to form a distinction XE "distinction" , manifest as a mental image or thought) is less than the the rate of application (given the specific domain and co-domain of a prepostional operator) of the same concept to do something. This could easily happen in "reflex action XE "action" ", like the eyelid blink to a puff of air or in "that was a thoughtless action" like being rude. However in such cases we do think of puffing air or rudeness after the event or, to take a more dramatic case, I suffer a crippling aneurism, unsuspected and unanticipated. That is a bodily act, as a matter of fact and that immobilises my M- Individuation, my P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  remaining, perhaps, but my actorhood lost. But the proposition applies to actors XE "actors"  only. In the case of {b) we enter a barely explored universe, where temporal XE "temporal"  succession no longer has the neat and convenient succession of clocks and other chronometers. This much is needed, however, to explain, if only partly, the well attested "deja vu" experiences, the well attested "my entire life came back at once" experiences of those, myself included, in great danger on mountains or at the sea, where the vital action is taken before, after, above or below the hazard was thought of. Less well buttressed phenomena, like precognition in dreams (or their masterly interpretation by Freud) and post cognition may also be explicated by these enlargements of our common notions of temporality. Also, our ideas of what is "usual" like "thought before action" are in a good sense artifacts of a deeply entrenched conventional wisdom which has set up the causal and temporal framework to which we subscribe as a matter of indubitable convenience but which are not sacrosanct dogmas. I have found it helpful and you may do so, to carry out pencil and paper exercises. You will be able, at least, to realise that the "&" operator and the "Ap XE "Ap" " operator are different but have a lot in common, for example, their difference XE "difference"  cleaving the intellectual world, whichis, and the outside world, solipsism apart, a creature of our own creation. Without it, the not void XE "void" , we could not exist in the void. On the other hand, without us, there would be no void to engage in the endless debate with the not void. I have tried, not altogether successfully, to articulate the notions of having a "void XE "void" ", a "not void, a "he," a "she" a and an "it", in Fig 36 and its many captions. However, this material is subtle, it is, to my mind, hard to tackle, come to grips with. Yet, once some familiarity is gained and some thinking undertaken, the obscurity diminish, even evaporate. It needs, in fact, little labour to apply it to situations of many kinds. In the hope of assisting this process XE "process" , I have composed an Appendix, intended to augment the images of Fig.36., and to expand upon the captions which, though numerous, are brief. CHAPTER l2 SOME NOTES, OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND THANKS. Primarily, I would like to aplogise for the omission of many immediate co-researchers, Gert Hulstein, Kurt Beks, Jules Herint, Haenk Slicht, Jaqueline de Jong, Jaques Meir, Helene Ripjer, Martha Vahl, Maryolyn, Rolf Pixley, Harrie van Haster, to mention a few of them. the Daniels John and Julian in particular, Gary Boyd, David Mitchell and others in Montreal, my friends and colleages at Old Dominion, such as Larry Richards and and the rest, many others in North America, above all Heinz von Foerster, Ross Ashby, Warren McCulloch, in South America, Humberto Matturana, Fransisco Varela and recalled but too numerous to list, in Mexico, in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain, not to mention the Scandinavian Countries, where Lars Loefgren, Graham Barnes, Ola and Bijorn Eric Dahlberg have contributied discussion and enouragement. The co-author-of the series, Gerard de Zeeuw XE "Gerard de Zeeuw"  has, needless to say, contributed and collaborated in the composition of this monograph. Also, there are those in London, at the Architectural Association, before that at System Research, Brunel and the O.U. Brian Lewis, Ranulf Glanville, Bernard Scott, I. Mike Robinson, Laurie Thomas, Mike Ben Eli, Mike Elstob and a legion of others, scattered all over this globe. I am sorry for many omissions ; also, I am sorry to have omitted or elided proper reference to strongly-influential work by Vygotsky, Luria, Bartlett, Kelly, Scandura, Wertheimer and a host of others, since it seemed as ridiculously pompous to select representative parts of their voluminous works as it would be to cite, in this context, particular bits of Aristotle, Archimedes, or Plato, for that matter, Abelard, Anslem, Lullius or Marx and only hope that these faults, if they be so judged, will be remedied in other volumes of this series. Often, it is virtually impossible to give proper reference, in a few cases because the publications are to be found only in scientific reports or are otherwise inaccessible, even more often because the authors have, to their credit, so many publications, in many editions or translations. Finally, since the authors, their utterances and their written works, live in my mind and have co-habited, so often, the chambers of intellect, are, as it were, such frequent and honoured guests, that it is difficult to place names and dates upon their published works. To note them, familiar to some, less so, perhaps, to others, may be of assistance, like the syntactical form of prepositions, encountered in our discussion of prepositional operators and their meshes XE "meshes" , as signposts to aeons of deliberation. It serves to remind me, at least, that nothing is entirely original and that the ideas presented come from deep wells of coexisting thought. The explicit attempt to avoid formalism and symbolisim throughout this book, has, I hope, been helpful to some. But I have a sneaking suspicion that, to others, it may have been infuriating. If so, that is an unintended stylistic defect. Defective or not, as you judge it, this style provides a useful reentry point . Much of the body of the manuscript has been concerned with analogy XE "analogy" , notably its creation as a connective having both a Similarity AND a Difference. In language, such connective relations XE "relations"  are said to be metaphors of more or less elaborate kinds. At the outset, it was maintained that our programme had the requirements of healthy growth and development, especially in what I am inclined to call the currently dominant information XE "information"  environment. That is because and only because it has coherence, a type of Similarity, AND Difference. Or, phrasing the matter otherwise, it is characterised by UNITY with the differentiation XE "differentiation"  needed to avoid the trap of UNIFORMITY. This quality is, seen on a larger scale, as the essential ingredient, needed to foster healthy and ultimately useful innovation XE "innovation" , particularly in the domain of social support XE "support"  systems. That subject, taking the designatory phrase in its widest sense, ramifies throughout the entire gamut of enterprises, engaging the efforts of mankind as a species. For everything we do, call it national, political, or scientific, or commercial, or artistic, or industrial or philosophical and the rest, is a systematisation of what is of concern to the species called mankind. For this peculiar eccentricity of mankind as a species maintains the spirit of mankind, the urge to preserve tradition yet, also, to explore, to evolve, to make life worth the living. So, if you take the last few paragraphs of Chapter 8. as the first act finale of this book, please regard this one as the finale of the first of an ongoing saga. At this terminal point, I take the liberty of a mild disagreement XE "disagreement"  with the printed words of Steven Hawkins, after all the protagonist of an other than specialist manner of exposition, the style adopted on that advice. Towards the end of his latest book, Hawkins states something like this, "to discover the universal XE "universal"  laws of (all) universes would be the greatest achievement of mankind, that it would be to discover the Mind of God". Yet, it seems to me, and quite conceivably seems to him, (since he has rightly noted that mankind is a sentient species, accorded freedom in choice and affect in demeanour, hence searching for understanding XE "understanding" ), it would be, also, the obliteration of mankind. For why is there sentience or understanding, unless there is eternal mystery, why does mankind accept the responsibility XE "responsibility"  which goes with freedom of choice, of affect as other than epicine, or a "life" of exploration, created by the same God, and worth Living??. Well, as a simple minded philosopher, a philosophical mechanic as I used to dub myself, ettling to and, overnight, willing to make artefacts that demonstrated my theoretical stance, I do NOT know. Yet, although it may sound odd, even contradictory, I DO know that the other-than-vicious circle of life goes on and IS worth living, phrased crudely, a multiple recursion which, upon impacting upon its varied selves, creates as well as recreates, well, life. NEEDS APPENDIX RO FOLLOW THIS AND TABLE. 1.toTABLE.4. and FIg.1.to Fig.36.for insertion. Plate 1 and Plate.2., also for insertion. Gordon Pask.Oct.1992. Latest Edit in April, 1993. APPENDIX Table 1 Main CT and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  Conclusions, for the most part previously supported by empirical evidence but not usually dependent upon it rather then upon participant XE "participant"  observation. The canonical form XE "canonical form"  of conversation XE "conversation"  as the source of hard psycho-social-data and of rationally peripheral data is affirmed, in particular, an "understanding XE "understanding" " of a concept XE "concept" , in the CT sense, is rigorously specified. The canonical form XE "canonical form"  of a P-Individual XE "P-Individual" , M-Individual XE "M-Individual"  and a conversational participant XE "participant"  has been established by empirical and historical evidence. The existence of context dependant learning, creative, innovative and performance styles has been established. Their extreme forms are predictable of P-Individuals XE "P-Individuals" , however M-Individuated, and are often known as serialist, XE "serialist,"  holist and versatile. On the other hand, whilst their discrimination is often locally useful, in context, it has been shown that any concept XE "concept"  "understanding XE "understanding" " relies, to a greater or lesser degree, on all of them. The existence of idiosyncratic discovery and learning strategies, performance and planning strategies has been established, especially in the context of education, learning and complex decision making XE "decision making" . The fact that both are actively needed, in order to know has been definitely established. However, this neither negates nor degrades the manifest possibility or usefulness of determining these propensities. The fact that conceptual fixity exists is very adequately demonstrated and further explained, in terms of normal attractors XE "attractors" . Conversely, various mechanisms of creativity and innovation XE "innovation"  has been explicated mostly in terms of plurality of strange attractors XE "attractors" . The fact that awareness, the shared awareness of consciousness XE "consciousness"  depend specific, often explicable, forms of Petri XE "Petri" -like information XE "information"  transfer has been empirically established, in fact demonstrated to the extent that many of its appearances and absence have been delineated. Conversation, as a matter of agreement XE "agreement"  and agreement-to-disagree (modelled as a coherence and a distinction XE "distinction" ) is predicted and shown to be a process XE "process"  of concept XE "concept"  sharing, perhaps its most important feature being the establishment of salient distinctions XE "distinctions"  between participants XE "participants"  involved in its communicative aspect, although significant, of lesser overall importance. The fact that mentation XE "mentation" , conceptualisation and creativity occur and MUST occur as a cyclic organizationally closed XE "organisationally closed"  and informationally open process XE "process"  has been predicted and demonstrated, it has a dynamic coherence logic XE "coherence logic"  which is equivalent to a hermeneutic (in the strict sense of Taylor equivalent to Resher) truth and inextricably existence value hence its own ontology. Further {the next five or six words are completely indistinct} distinctions XE "distinctions"  generated by the mental processes of conceptualisation, memory, and innovation XE "innovation"  a matter both predicted and sensibly demonstrated. The fact that conversations MUST, not only may take place has been adequately demonstrated. Table 2 Accomplishments of OEC/CICT/IA Theory DEMONSTRATED The character of actors XE "actors"  and their interactions, actions, and so on. Amity, its conservation XE "conservation"  and generation, and the character of Amity as a commodity which is real, in fact, positively essential. Many forms of precisely specified, conflict and of conflict resolution. A strict specification of society, in contrast to an arbitrary collection of people. The distinction XE "distinction" , generation and the coherence of shared concepts XE "concepts"  of a culture XE "cultures"  and its civilisation Problem solving (externally defined/internally, defined, de Zeeuw ) or (problematic situations/problems, Pask). A participant XE "participant"  character of all research and its dependencies on language types, such a s-languages, d-languages and metalanguages able to describe them. The Need for, and definition of, a "void XE "void" " and a "something" in order to explicate interaction XE "interaction" . The Reality of improvement and of quality as scientific properties, on some occasions mensurable. ONGOING The falsity of alleged schizophrenia (for example Harrie von Haster). The participant XE "participant"  doing {indistinct} of social support XE "support"  systems {indistinct} computing and computing machinary Interdisciplinary interactions, as necessary features of social, rational and organizational transactions. Learning to learn and to live on a conversational and learning to face death (Helana Ripjer gets terribly irritated if I call this "learning to die", understandably so, since it is reminiscent of "a short course in suicide", which is unintended). Other than coercive social regulation by participatory and affective means (for example, Haenlk Slicht, Jaquwline de Jong, in music, Jaques Meir in group learning and program interaction XE "interaction" , in preserving past programs and improving them). Closely related Quality improvement, for instance, in management. Mathematical logic of fundamental principles of learning science XE "science"  Increasing or expanding quality of linguistic and diverse resolutions The diversity of History, temporality, and infinities Table 3Main C.T XE "C.T" ./I.A. XE "I.A." /differences XE "differences" , given that Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  is dynamicStart and finish XE "finish"  as inTz(s) and Tz(f) or assumed common to all z temporal XE "temporal"  index T(t)No usual start XE "start"  and finish XE "finish" . Any temporal XE "temporal"  index t is {indistinct} minimal form t=THETA(,...) and usually with coupling XE "coupling"  terms t=(LAMBDA(THETA(>,>...))) and so on.Kinematic ImageKinetic ImageConz(T) evolves by Prog in Con*z acting on the Progs in Conz(T) whilst being applied.Same, but Procs also grow by interaction XE "interaction"  with Interz through Con*z in z repetiore.Interz assumed fixed.Interx evolves by interaction XE "interaction" Z XE "Z" =A, B XE "A, B" ,... in similar type Iso-Inter-FamilyZ XE "Z" =A,B,.. seldom in same Iso-Inter-Family, but converge by growthMentation distinct from Thought, its orthogonal Unfoldment from focus.Mentation distinct, similarity, from thought but, also, action XE "action"  if opposite orientation signatures XE "signatures"  meetParticipant is M-Individual XE "M-Individual" , P-Individual XE "P-Individual"  in an Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)"  fieldActor is Participant with propositional anti-mesh XE "mesh" , linking by analogy XE "analogy"  mesh to characterising and ontology mesh.Conversations between class of participants XE "participants" Interactions are like conversations but also with or between to societies.No NEED to invoke "void XE "void" " as distinct from "something", but MAY do so.Both "void XE "void" " and "Something" ARE needed, if ONLY to specify a vector in a social system XE "system" Cartesian phase space XE "phase space"  may be valid represenation.Probably need to use coordinates of distinction XE "distinction"  products XE "products"  of mental process XE "process" .NEED not, although may, use strict discrimination of societyMUST have a rigorous discrimination of society, here, given in terms of other-than-locally cyclic and interlocking dynamic meshes XE "meshes"   Table 4Summary of Main PrinciplesConservations(1)Conservation of I (meaningful information XE "information"  transfer).Conservation of AP, that is permissive application XE "permissive application" , given satisfaction of (Petri XE "Petri"  type), information XE "information"  transfer).Conservation of IM, or imperative application over ensemble of all Conz and all Con*z in canonical P individual, Z XE "Z" .Conservation principles are, amongst other things, one wayConservation of ParityOf distinction XE "distinction"  under {indistinct}From (a) and (c), conservation XE "conservation"  of consciousness XE "consciousness"  in any, usually distributed, not localised system XE "system"  of Z XE "Z"  indexed type.(2)DualitiesDuality, in an ideal situation, of CT and Lp XE "Lp (proto-logic)" Reminiscent of particle/wave duality XE "duality"  of Conz(T)/Dz(T)(3)Complementarities (see Loefgren L., for forms of linguistic complementarity XE "complementarity" )Of Procz(T)=Of Conz(T)=Of Of Of Con*z=Of Z XE "Z" =A and of Z=B, and so on. All observers XE "observers"  are, at least to some extent, participant XE "participant"  observers with the main role of participant(4)IndeterminiciesOf foci of, thought or attention, from which to unfold.Truncation and selection of unfoldment XE "unfoldment" , given its origin(5)ExclusionZ XE "Z" =A is not Z=B, hence, no doppelgangers (6)Mathematical, logical and philosophical principlesDistinction XE "Distinction" Knot Theory and interpretation of self and other referential recursion (Kauffman, Hellerstein et all, refd)Action XE "Action"  and Deontic Logics (Von Wright et al refd)Modal forms of logic (notably Gunther et al)Dynamics of Coherence truth and hermeneutic truth as the refinement of meaning XE "meaning"  (Rescher, Taylor, my own group amd myself)The Algebra of Consciousness(Lefebre et all, refd)Self Organization (von Foerster and others, Organizational Closure XE "Organisational Closure"  and Informational Openness XE "Informational Openness" , or structural openness, Maturana, Varela, Atkin, Gougen, Richrads, de Zeuw and othersw refd). The list should obviosly include many authors not noted, especially of the older school, such as Cayley, Clifford, Dodson and Hamilton, see Appendix The Figures      INDEX  INDEX \h " " \c "2"  A, B, 20, 26, 27, 37, 40, 42, 78 action, 11, 22, 32, 35, 36, 40, 46, 53, 57, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78 Action, 40, 79 ACTION, 31, 51, 70 actor, 25, 36, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 63, 72, 73 ACTOR, 31, 49 actors, 7, 11, 24, 25, 27, 37, 39, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 63, 73, 77 agreement, 10, 26, 27, 39, 40, 68, 69, 76 agreement to disagree, 10, 26, 27, 39, 40, 68, 69 allegory, 24, 36 ambiguous, 12, 47, 48, 49, 51, 62, 67 amity, 23, 53, 54, 63, 72 anaesthesia, 29 analogies, 19, 36, 46, 47, 48, 59, 68, 69 analogy, 11, 17, 24, 26, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 56, 59, 62, 63, 68, 69, 72, 74, 78 anaphor, 36 andragology, 9, 54 Andragology, 9, 31, 32 anticlockwise, 44, 47, 59, 69, 71, 72 Ap, 38, 39, 41, 44, 53, 71, 72, 73 architecture, 9 Artificial Intelligence, 14 atomic oscillator, 46 attractors, 57, 76 autopoiesis, 21 bifurcations, 22, 42 C.T, 1, 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 51, 52, 62, 63, 65, 69, 78 calculus, 32, 33, 53 canonical, 44 canonical form, 76 CASTE, 7 chaotic attractor, 35 clockwise, 34, 44, 47, 53, 56, 59, 69, 71, 72 coherence logic, 76 coherencies, 40 coherent, 5, 7, 23, 30, 34, 38, 41, 43, 48, 49 coherent clusters, 34, 43 coming to know, 5, 10 commensualise, 34 complementarity, 8, 34, 38, 39, 40, 57, 79 computation, 7, 9 computer, 6, 17, 18, 22, 27, 38 Con(T), 38, 40, 79 Con*, 38, 39, 71 Con*Z, 39, 41, 42 concept, 19, 27, 28, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 55, 59, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76 concepts, 9, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 56, 59, 67, 71, 72, 77 concurrent, 67 consciousness, 7, 24, 29, 35, 45, 46, 62, 76, 79 conservation, 4, 8, 21, 34, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 71, 72, 77, 79 conversation, 10, 17, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 49, 52, 69, 76 CONVERSATION, 19, 23 Conversation Theory, 5, 17, 62 ConZ(T), 38, 40, 41, 44 co-ordinates, 57, 58 COORDINATES, 50 cosmology, 19 coupling, 48, 52, 54, 78 cultures, 9, 11, 15, 16, 20, 24, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 77 Cybernetics, 9, 17, 54, 57, 65 Cyberspace,, 23 cyclicity, 43, 47, 56, 63 D(T), 38, 40 decision making, 5, 13, 21, 29, 47, 76 difference, 5, 11, 18, 24, 30, 34, 36, 40, 47, 52, 55, 61, 63, 68, 72, 73 DIFFERENCE, 40 differences, 11, 15, 31, 37, 47, 52, 63, 68, 70, 78 differentiation, 52, 69, 75 disagreement, 61, 75 dis-enminded body, 21 distinction, 18, 32, 34, 36, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 59, 62, 69, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79 Distinction, 46, 53, 79 distinctions, 12, 20, 32, 35, 37, 40, 45, 50, 57, 71, 72, 76 distinguishing, 69 Doppelgangers, 22, 43 duality, 8, 79 dynamics, 34, 35, 40, 46, 63 dZ, 38 evolution, 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 22, 35, 41, 42, 49, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63 Ex, 38 exclusion, 8, 22 execution, 38 finish, 27, 34, 35, 40, 41, 49, 62, 78 force, 30, 34, 44, 47, 53, 71 Gerard de Zeeuw, 1, 5, 7, 9, 17, 52, 74 gluon, 8, 63, 67 hard data, 5, 6, 10 hard subjective data, 8 Heinz Von Foerster, 12, 21, 32 heterarchically structured, 13 hodman, 11 homeostatic, 60, 61 HOW., 29 I.A, 5 I.A., 5, 8, 14, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 49, 51, 52, 62, 63, 65, 69, 70, 78 I.A. theory, 25, 34, 62 indeterminacy, 8, 46 information, 6, 21, 35, 41, 46, 47, 52, 54, 67, 74, 76, 79 Informational Openness, 12, 79 informationally-open, 21, 59 innovation, 29, 40, 42, 48, 57, 75, 76 interaction, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 63, 67, 77, 78 INTERACTION, 31, 51, 55 J.B.S. Haldane, 24 Kauffman's theory of knots, 44 kinematic, 19, 28, 34, 43 kinesis, 19, 34, 57 kinetic, 43, 44 kinetics, 57 Lambda, 49, 55, 78 Lie groups, 11 Lie Matrix, 55 love, 23, 35, 54, 55, 63, 72 Lp (proto-logic), 1, 5, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 51, 55, 62, 63, 65, 69, 71, 76, 78, 79 M Individuation, 51 machines, 7, 11, 17 mandatory application, 34 mathematical, 10, 11, 12, 31, 32, 37, 57 mathematics, 12, 32, 69 meaning, 9, 12, 13, 20, 27, 31, 32, 36, 40, 44, 46, 48, 62, 71, 79 mentation, 22, 28, 34, 35, 39, 56, 70, 71, 73, 76 mesh, 17, 34, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 56, 63, 72, 73, 78 meshes, 34, 43, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 63, 72, 74, 78 metalanguage, 40, 52 metaphor, 24, 36, 48, 62, 65, 68 M-Individual, 21, 23, 24, 31, 35, 52, 63, 76, 78 M-Individuals, 23, 26, 34, 35 M-Individuation, 20, 48, 49, 51, 52, 58 model, 4, 18, 19, 43, 48, 65 MULTIPLE HISTORIES, 15 non Iinear dynamics, 59 notation, 27, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 53, 55, 68 objectively hard, 10 observers, 5, 20, 24, 37, 79 Organizational Closure, 12, 79 organizational-closure, 21, 42 organizationally closed, 23, 41, 42, 58, 59, 61, 66, 76 organizationally-closed, 21 parity, 8 participant, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79 participants, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 62, 63, 68, 69, 76, 78 participation, 12 permissive application, 34, 79 Petri, 6, 21, 35, 38, 41, 46, 69, 71, 76, 79 phase space, 50, 56, 57, 78 philosophv, 11 physics, 6, 7, 8, 62, 72 P-Individual, 21, 23, 24, 25, 34, 39, 49, 51, 52, 58, 63, 72, 73, 76, 78 P-Individuals, 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 39, 48, 52, 53, 59, 76 plasmas, 8, 20, 63, 67 prediction, 28, 39 prepositional operator, 36, 48, 56, 69, 70, 72 Proc(T), 38 process, 13, 19, 22, 28, 29, 34, 35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78 PROCESS, 56, 57 process-product, 34, 40 PRODUCT, 57 production, 13, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 57 productive, 7, 21, 27, 35, 38, 42, 43, 59, 60 PRODUCTIVE, 21 products, 8, 13, 21, 34, 41, 42, 43, 45, 57, 78 Professor Brainstawm, 22 Prog(T), 38, 40, 79 programming, 38 PRUNE, 45 punctuation, 26, 27, 34, 39, 40 quark, 8, 63, 67 reductionists, 21, 29 relations, 10, 33, 43, 56, 59, 74 reproductive, 7, 27, 35, 38, 43, 59 REPRODUCTIVE, 21 resonance, 35, 48, 68, 69 responsibility, 9, 13, 24, 69, 75 Rigour, 12 roles, 48, 49, 51, 52 science, 9, 11, 12, 14, 28, 31, 32, 38, 57, 77 self organization, 21, 32, 42, 61 self organising, 21, 56, 59, 61 self-organization, 9, 12, 58 SELPRUNE, 45 serialist,, 76 signatures, 36, 53, 72, 78 SIMILARITY, 40 singularities, 8, 45, 59 skill, 29, 38, 41 soft sciences, 10 Stafford Beer, 29, 59, 61, 65 start, 7, 27, 34, 35, 40, 41, 49, 62, 78 state space, 50, 56, 57 statistical, 6, 10, 12, 13 statistics, 10 strings, 8, 12, 38, 40, 66 subjectively hard, 6, 10 superstrings, 8, 63, 67 support, 5, 9, 12, 17, 21, 30, 39, 51, 58, 63, 75, 77 synchronicity, 28, 35, 49, 69 synchronous, 28, 35, 41 synchronous coherence, 41 system, 6, 7, 12, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 35, 38, 41, 42, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 67, 78, 79 temporal, 15, 28, 35, 49, 52, 60, 73, 78 Theta, 49, 78 THOUGHTSTICKER, 7 Time, 37 torus, 44, 47, 48 Un, 34, 45, 46, 53, 59, 69, 71 understanding, 8, 39, 69, 75, 76 UNFOLDABILITY, 46 unfoldment, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, 53, 56, 59, 63, 72, 73, 79 unfoldments, 35, 36, 45, 46, 47, 56, 59, 69, 71, 72 universal, 8, 55, 65, 68, 75 variety, 5, 11, 24, 25, 35, 59, 61 void, 30, 44, 45, 46, 56, 57, 71, 73, 77, 78 WHY, 29, 68 Wiener, 13, 17 Z, 20, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 52, 71, 78, 79  PAGE 1 PAGE 3 5klqp   b c       9 : ; T U V }jqUmH OJQJmHjUmHj{UmHjUmH jUmHmH56j56U6CJOJQJj6CJOJQJU6CJOJQJCJOJQJjCJOJQJU CJOJQJ15I$7nopbcYZE F  + 5 W { % & F & F5I$7nopbcYZE F  + 5 W {       Y *oG0~B.g<|'o(h8|Em2ZE_       Y *oG0~ x% x% x%$V W X Y x y z   $%&()OPijkmno&'(ABCEFGbcjUmHjSUmHjUmHj]UmHjUmHjgUmHjUmH OJQJmH jUmHmHBcd}~*+,./^_xyz|}~   !"#<j+UmHjUmHj5UmHjUmHj?UmHjUmH OJQJmHjIUmHmH jUmH?B.g<|'o(h8| x% x%<=>@Amn ()*,-.FGHabcefg}~j UmHj UmHj UmHj UmHj UmH OJQJmHj UmHj! 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